<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122</id><updated>2012-02-13T19:55:22.932-08:00</updated><category term='പരിഭാഷ'/><category term='ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കാ'/><category term='കാകാ'/><category term='Cinema'/><category term='Religion'/><category term='എന്‍‌സൈക്ലോപീഡിയ'/><title type='text'>പരിഭാഷാ വിക്കി</title><subtitle type='html'>മലയാളം വിക്കിപീഡിയയ്ക്ക് ബൂലോഗത്തിന്റെ വക സംഭാവന നല്‍കാന്‍ മികച്ച അന്യഭാഷാ ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ മലയാളത്തിലേക്ക് പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്ന ഇടം.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>തമനു</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06916709422773269025</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Mvjs_tVTo9g/RZNOqKUNGuI/AAAAAAAAAAU/tLJ9JYHDuNE/s320/Thamanus.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>14</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-7640749898282963789</id><published>2007-05-16T06:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-25T11:43:27.285-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='കാകാ'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='പരിഭാഷ'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='എന്‍‌സൈക്ലോപീഡിയ'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കാ'/><title type='text'>എന്‍‌സൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കാ.. ക്കാ.. കാ.. (എക്കോ..)</title><content type='html'>"പിള്ളേരേ...&lt;br /&gt;അതേ..ഞാന്‍ ഒരു കഥ പറയാം..പണ്ട് പണ്ട് പണ്ട് ഒരു രാജ്യത്തില്‍ ഒരു രാജാവുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. രാജാവിന്റെ പേര് രാമന്‍ കുട്ടി മേനോന്‍. പുള്ളി ഭയങ്കര പുലിയായിരുന്നു. ചോള സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിലെ പുപ്പുലി.. "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കുഞ്ഞിപ്പിള്ളേരല്ലേന്നു വച്ച് ഞാന്‍ ഒരു കള്ളക്കഥ അടിച്ചിറക്കാന്‍ തുടങ്ങിയതാ..നാട്ടിലെ ഉല്‍സവത്തിന് എല്ലാരും കൂടെ അമ്മൂമ്മേടെ വീട്ടില്‍ കൂടിയപ്പോഴാ സംഭവം. കൂട്ടത്തില്‍ മൂന്നാം സ്ഥാനത്തു വരുന്ന ചേട്ടനായിപ്പോയില്ലേ! ബാക്കി വരണ പതിനൊന്നു ജൂനിയര്‍ കസിന്‍സിന്റെ അഡ്മിനിസ്റ്റ്റേറ്റര്‍ പദവി എനിക്കു തന്നിട്ട് എനിക്കു മുകളിലെ രണ്ടു സീനിയര്‍ താരങ്ങള്‍ വളരെ വിദഗ്ഗ്ദമായി മുങ്ങിക്കളഞ്ഞു. അവരൊക്കെ വലുതായിപ്പോയി പോലും! കുട്ടിക്കളിക്കു തീരെ താല്പര്യമില്ലാന്ന് ..പാവം ഞാന്‍.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"അണ്ണാ.. രാജാവിന്റെ പേരെന്തരെന്ന്..!!!?? രാമന്‍ കുട്ടി മേനോനാ??" വിഷ്ണുക്കുട്ടന് ചിരി അടക്കാനായില്ല.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"അത്.. മോനേ.." - ഞാനവനെയൊന്നൊതുക്കാനുള്ള പരിശ്രമം തുടങ്ങി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"ചോളാ ഡൈനാസ്റ്റിയില്‍ അങ്ങിനെയൊരാളില്ലല്ലോ ചേട്ടാ.." - എറണാകുളത്തുകാരന്‍ ബുജി മോഹന്‍ അവനറിയാവുന്ന ഹിസ്റ്ററി അതിനിടക്കു തുടങ്ങി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"ഡാ.. അതു ചോളാ.. ഇത് ചാലാ സാമ്രാജ്യം..- തിരോന്തോരത്തെ ചാല മാര്‍ക്കറ്റിലെ മീന്‍ വിക്കണ രാമങ്കുട്ട്യണ്ണന്റെ കരളലിയിപ്പിക്കുന്ന കദന കഥയാടാ അണ്ണന്‍ പറയാമ്പോണേ.." - നെസ്റ്റില്‍ ഒരു പണിയുമില്ലാതെ കറങ്ങി നടക്കുന്ന കള്ളക്കാലമാടന്‍ മിധു കിട്ടിയ തക്കത്തിന് എന്നെയൊന്നാക്കി. പിള്ളേര് ചിരിയും തുടങ്ങി. ഈശ്വരാ കുടുങ്ങിയല്ലോ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"അതേ മക്കളേ.. ചോളാ ഡൈനാസ്റ്റിയില്‍ അങ്ങിനെയൊരാളുണ്ട്.. വേണേല്‍ വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയ നോക്ക്.." എങ്ങനേലും രക്ഷപെട്ടല്ലേ പറ്റൂ..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"പിന്നേ പിന്നേ.. വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയേല് അങ്ങനൊന്നും ഇല്ല.. ഞാന്‍ ഹിസ്റ്ററി ഓഫ് തമിള്‍ നാട് ഫീച്ചേര്‍ഡ് ആര്‍ട്ടിക്കിള്‍ ഇന്നലെ വായിച്ചേ ഉള്ളൂ.. ചുമ്മാ പുളുവടിക്കാതണ്ണാ.. " - അടുത്ത പാര മീനു വക.. പന്ത്രണ്ടാം ക്ലാസ്സുകാരി വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയ വായിക്കുന്നോ..? അവളമ്മയെ കാണട്ടെ.. നല്ലൊരു പാര കൊടുക്കുന്നുണ്ട്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"ആ ആര്‍ട്ടിക്കിളില്‍ അതില്ല.. വേറെ ആര്‍ട്ടിക്കിളിലാ.. അല്ലേലും ഈ വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയ അത്ര പോരാ.. ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കയില്‍ തന്നെ നോക്കണം. അതില്‍ ഡീറ്റയിലായിട്ടുണ്ട്.." ഈയിരിക്കുന്ന ഒറ്റയെണ്ണത്തിന്റേം വീട്ടില്‍ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക വാങ്ങി വച്ചിട്ടില്ലാന്നുള്ള ഉത്തമ വിശ്വാസത്തില്‍ ഞാന്‍ നിന്ന നില്പ്പില്‍ കരണം മറിഞ്ഞു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കയോടൊപ്പം നില്‍ക്കുമെന്ന് നേച്ചര്‍ മാഗസിനില്‍ പോലും സ്റ്റഡി വന്നതാ.. അപ്പോഴാ.." - ഇത് രാഹുല്‍ വക. എല്‍ എല്‍ ബി ഒന്നാം വര്‍ഷം പരീക്ഷയെഴുതാന്‍ ഇവനെന്തിനെന്റമ്മച്ചീ നേച്ചര്‍ റെഫര്‍ ചെയ്യുന്നേ..?&lt;br /&gt;എന്റെ വിധി എന്നു പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ മതിയല്ലോ.. ഞാന്‍ കുടുങ്ങി..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"ആഹാ.. മൂത്തവരോട് തര്‍ക്കുത്തരം പറയുന്നോ ?? നിന്നെയൊക്കെ ഞാന്‍ കാണിച്ചു തരാം.. അമ്മൂമ്മേരോട് ഞാന്‍ ഇപ്പത്തന്നെ പറഞ്ഞു കൊടുക്കും." ഞാന്‍ പിണങ്ങി. തടിയൂരാന്‍ വേറേ മാര്‍ഗമില്ലേ..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പണ്ടാറം.. ഒരു വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയേം.. ഒരു ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കേം.. മനുഷ്യനെ നാണം കെടുത്താന്‍! അല്ലാ.. ഈ നേച്ചറുകാര് ഈ സ്റ്റഡി എപ്പ നടത്തി.. ഞാന്‍ അറിഞ്ഞില്ലല്ല്.. തലക്കുള്ളില്‍ എന്തരെക്കേ പൊകഞ്ഞു. ഞാന്‍ തുമ്മി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അപ്പോ വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയേല് ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കെ പറ്റിയും ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കേല് വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയേ പറ്റിയുമൊക്കെ ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കുമോ? വീണ്ടും സംശയം.&lt;br /&gt;ഇപ്പ തന്നെ തീര്‍ക്കാല്ലോ..വീട്ടിനകത്ത് ആധുനിക ലാപ്പ്ടോപ് എന്തരോ ഒരെണ്ണം വച്ച് റോഡ് റാഷ് കളിച്ചു തോറ്റോണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന 'മുതിര്‍ന്നവനും' റേഡിയേഷന്‍ ടെക്നോളജിസ്റ്റുമായ സീനിയറിന്റെ കയ്യില്‍ നിന്ന് ലാപ്പ്ടോപ്പ് പിടിച്ചു വാങ്ങി സംശയം ഡിജിറ്റലാക്കി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഉണ്ടുണ്ട്.. രണ്ടും ഉണ്ട്.&lt;br /&gt;പക്ഷേങ്കി ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കേട സൈറ്റി കേറണോങ്കി ക്രെഡിറ്റ് കാര്‍ഡ് കാട്ടണം.അതങ്ങ് പരുമല പള്ളീലോട്ട്....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വിക്കിപ്പീഡിയേല് ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക ഫീച്ചേഡ് ആര്‍ട്ടിക്കിളാ.. കൊള്ളാല്ല്.. ഇത് മലയാളം വിക്കിയേലൊണ്ടാവുമോ? അടുത്ത സംശയം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ശ്ശേ.. ഇല്ല.. മലയാളിയാണെന്നു പറഞ്ഞിട്ടെന്തര് കാര്യം! കണ്ട ബ്ലോഗില് ദോശേം ചമ്മന്തീം ചുട്ടു കളിക്കാനല്ലാതെ ഇവര്‍ക്കൊക്കെയെന്തറിയാം! ഈ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കയൊന്ന് ആര്‍ക്കെങ്കിലും അക്ഷരമുദ്രണം (കട്: കൈപ്പള്ളി) ചെയ്തൂടാരുന്നോ..? ഉറക്കെ ആത്മഗതം ചെയ്തിട്ട് ഞാന്‍ കിടന്നുറങ്ങാന്‍ പോയി. പിന്നെ എഴുന്നേറ്റു വന്ന് ഉമേഷേട്ടന്റെ ബ്ലോഗില്‍ കേറി 35 കമന്റടിച്ച് കൃതാര്‍ത്ഥനായി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പിന്നെപ്പോഴോ.. കുറ്റബോധം കൂരാക്കൂരിരുട്ടില്‍ എന്റെ കൊങ്ങയ്ക്കു പിടിച്ചു.&lt;br /&gt;അങ്ങിനെ ഈ പോസ്റ്റ് ഞെട്ടിയെഴുന്നേറ്റു.&lt;br /&gt;അപ്പോഴേ ചേട്ടന്മാരേ ചേച്ചിമാരേ..നമുക്കീ പണി ചെയ്യാം..&lt;br /&gt;ദാ..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്‌ വിക്കിയിലെ ലേഖനം.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലെ ലേഖനം. (അപൂര്‍ണ്ണം)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;എല്ലാവരും ആഞ്ഞു പിടിച്ചാല്‍ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക വിക്കും.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഉല്‍സവ കാല ഓഫറായിട്ട് ഒരു പരിപാടിയും ചെയ്യാം. ഈ പോസ്റ്റുമ്മേ കൊരട്ടിയിട്ട് ആര്‍ക്കു വേണേ ഓഫടിക്കാം. പക്ഷേ ഒരോഫിന് ഒരു പാര(ഗ്രാഫ്) പരിഭാഷ കമ്മീഷന്‍. പാരയില്ലാത്ത ഓഫിനെ പാര വയ്ക്കുന്നതായിരിക്കും&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അപ്പോ പരിഭാഷപ്പെട്ടി താഴെക്കൊടുക്കുന്നു. എത്രയും പെട്ടെന്ന് സ്വന്തം സീറ്റുകള്‍ റിസര്‍‌വ് ചെയ്യുക.&lt;br /&gt;ഒരു കാര്യം കൂടി : ബുദ്ധമതത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം എന്ന പരിഭാഷ ഒരു വന്‍ വിജയമായിരുന്നു. പങ്കെടുത്ത എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും സ്പെഷല് നന്ദി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pw0Nyl0pAKTsKeh3S_NDkMQ&amp;output=html&amp;amp;gid=0&amp;single=true&amp;amp;range=A1:E29" frameborder="2" width="550" height="650"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-7640749898282963789?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/7640749898282963789/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=7640749898282963789' title='19 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/7640749898282963789'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/7640749898282963789'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_16.html' title='എന്‍‌സൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്കാ.. ക്കാ.. കാ.. (എക്കോ..)'/><author><name>പൊന്നപ്പന്‍ - the Alien</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06383504295624109933</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_c-PQhXoyssE/SzrbZEBw7WI/AAAAAAAAATM/k3XR8lgWnjA/S220/DSC_5446.JPG'/></author><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-1810724971657071436</id><published>2007-05-02T20:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-15T20:32:54.833-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Religion'/><title type='text'>ബുദ്ധമതത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ബുദ്ധമതത്തെപ്പറ്റിയുള്ള ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇല്ലാത്തതു കൊണ്ട്‌, ഇപ്രാവശ്യത്തെ പരിഭാഷ History of Buddhism അഥവാ ബുദ്ധമത ചരിത്രം ആകാം എന്നു കരുതുന്നു.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്‌ വിക്കിയിലെ ലേഖനം.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലെ ലേഖനം.&lt;/a&gt; (അപൂര്‍ണ്ണം)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;പരിഭാഷയില്‍ താല്‍പര്യം ഉള്ള എല്ലാവരുടെയും സഹകരണം അഭ്യര്‍ത്ഥിക്കുന്നു. ആയിരത്തോളം പേര്‍ മലയാളം യൂണിക്കോഡും, മലയാളം ടൈപ്പിംഗും ഉപയോഗിക്കുമ്പോള്‍, വളരെ കുറച്ചു പേര്‍ മാത്രമേ പരിഭാഷയില്‍ പങ്കെടുക്കുന്നുവുള്ളൂ എന്നുള്ളത്‌ വളരെ ഖേദകരമാണ്‌.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;പരിഭാഷയില്‍ താല്‍പര്യമുള്ളവര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുക്കാന്‍ താല്‍പര്യമുള്ള ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ താഴെക്കാണുന്ന പട്ടികയില്‍ നോക്കി ആരും ഏറ്റെടുത്തിട്ടില്ല എന്നുറപ്പു വരുത്തിയ ശേഷം ഇവിടെ കമന്റായി ഇടുക. ഒരേ ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ ഒന്നില്‍ കൂടുതല്‍ ആള്‍ക്കാര്‍ പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ ഇടവരുന്നത്‌ ഒഴിവാക്കാന്‍ ഇത്‌ സഹായിക്കും.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ്‌ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്‌ ലേഖനത്തിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്കില്‍ പോയി എത്രത്തോളം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താനുണ്ട്‌ എന്നു നോക്കുന്നത്‌ വളരെ നന്നായിരിക്കും. ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നതിന്റെ സെക്ഷന്‍ നമ്പറും ഹെഡിംഗും സഹിതം കമന്റായി ഇടുന്നതും വളരെ സഹായകരമാകും.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ &lt;strong&gt;16-05-2007നുള്ളില്‍ &lt;/strong&gt;തീര്‍ക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കുക. ദയവു ചെയ്ത് പരിഭാഷ ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് മുങ്ങരുത്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഇതു വരെ വിക്കി പരിഭാഷയില്‍ പങ്കെടുത്തിട്ടില്ലാത്ത എല്ലാവരെയും ഞങ്ങള്‍ ക്ഷണിക്കുന്നു. കുറച്ച്‌ സമയം ചെലവഴിക്കാനായി ഉണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ വലിയ ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടില്ലാതെ ചെയ്യാവുന്നതാണിത്‌. എല്ലാ സഹായത്തിനും എല്ലാ വിക്കി സ്നേഹികളും എപ്പോഴും ഉണ്ട് .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#330033;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Life of the Buddha &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Early Buddhism&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;1st Buddhist council (5th c. BCE) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;2nd Buddhist council (383 BCE) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ashokan proselytism (c. 261 BCE) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിയ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;3rd Buddhist council (c.250 BCE) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിയ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Hellenistic world &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഡാലി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Early Asian expansion &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Rise of the Sunga (2nd–1st c. BCE) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Greco-Buddhist interaction (2nd c. BCE–1st c. CE)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;തമനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Rise of Mahayana (1st c. BCE–2nd c. CE)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#330033;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;The Two Fourth Councils &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Mahayana expansion (1st c. CE–10th c. CE)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;India &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Central and Northern Asia &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Central Asia &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Parthia &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tarim Basin &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;China&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Korea&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.2.6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Japan &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Southeast Asia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇഞ്ചിപ്പെണ്ണ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.3.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Vietnam &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മൂര്‍ത്തി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.3.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Srivijayan Empire (5th–15th century)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മൂര്‍ത്തി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7.3.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Khmer Empire (9th–13th century) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മൂര്‍ത്തി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Emergence of the Vajrayana (5th century) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Theravada Renaissance (11th century CE— ) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഡാലി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Expansion of Buddhism to the West &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;References &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;External links&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-1810724971657071436?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/1810724971657071436/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=1810724971657071436' title='36 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/1810724971657071436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/1810724971657071436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post.html' title='ബുദ്ധമതത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രം'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>36</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-5471781741200893821</id><published>2007-04-03T02:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-03T01:17:31.054-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cinema'/><title type='text'>സത്യജിത്ത് റേ</title><content type='html'>സിനിമാ സംബന്ധമായ വിഷയങ്ങളൊന്നും ഇതു വരെ തര്‍ജ്ജിമ ചെയ്യപ്പെട്ടില്ല എന്ന പരാതി മുന്‍‌നിര്‍ത്തി ഇത്തവണ ഇന്ത്യ കണ്ട ഏറ്റവും മികച്ച ചലച്ചിത്ര സംവിധായകനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ലേഖനമാണ് തര്‍ജ്ജമ ചെയ്യാനായി തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നത്. മുന്‍ലക്കങ്ങളിലേതിനേക്കാള്‍ വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ച ആവേശത്തോടുകൂടി ഇത്തവണ പങ്കാളിത്തം പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"&gt;ലേഖനം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"&gt;ലേഖനം മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍&lt;/a&gt; (അപൂര്‍ണ്ണം)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പ്രസ്തുത സംരംഭത്തിന് എല്ലാ വിക്കിസ്നേഹികളുടേയും സേവനം അഭ്യര്‍ത്ഥിച്ചുകൊള്ളുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;The Early life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിജു &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;The Apu Years&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;തമനു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;From Devi to charulatha&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിയ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;New Directions&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Last Phase&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Film Craft&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സങ്കുചിത മനസ്കന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Literary Works&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Critical and popular response&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സങ്കുചിത മനസ്കന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Legacy&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also, notes, references&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-5471781741200893821?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/5471781741200893821/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=5471781741200893821' title='27 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/5471781741200893821'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/5471781741200893821'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2007/04/blog-post.html' title='സത്യജിത്ത് റേ'/><author><name>ശ്രീജിത്ത്‌ കെ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00309631157166948688</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='21' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_znNt8XWJFyA/SrwYOc4HLEI/AAAAAAAAWB8/1ZraTG5-kxI/S220/DSC_3334_1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>27</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-5010190710878285912</id><published>2007-03-12T06:39:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-01T09:01:34.809-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പ്</title><content type='html'>ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകത്തിന്റെ ആഘോഷമായ ലോകകപ്പിന് ഇന്നലെ വെസ്റ്റ് ഇന്‍ഡീസില്‍ തുടക്കം കുറിക്കപ്പെട്ടു. ഒന്‍പതാം ലോകകപ്പാണ് ഇപ്പോള്‍ നടന്നുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നത്. &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/ക്രിക്കറ്റ്"&gt;ക്രിക്കറ്റ്&lt;/a&gt; എന്നും &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/ക്രിക്കറ്റ്"&gt;ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പ് 2007&lt;/a&gt; എന്നും രണ്ട് ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ തന്നെ ഉണ്ട്. എങ്കിലും ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പിനെക്കുറിച്ച് പൊതുവായ ഒരു ലേഖനം അവിടെ കാണുന്നില്ല. കായികപ്രസക്തമായ ഈ വിഷയം തന്നെയാവട്ടെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാനുള്ള അടുത്ത ലേഖനം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup"&gt;ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പ് ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup"&gt;ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പ് മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍&lt;/a&gt; (അപൂര്‍ണ്ണം)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പ്രസ്തുത സംരംഭത്തിന് എല്ലാ വിക്കിസ്നേഹികളുടേയും സേവനം അഭ്യര്‍ത്ഥിച്ചുകൊള്ളുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;History&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Format&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Trophy&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Media Coverage&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Selection of hosts&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Statistical summaries&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Notes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;External links&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു അലക്സ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-5010190710878285912?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/5010190710878285912/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=5010190710878285912' title='12 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/5010190710878285912'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/5010190710878285912'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2007/03/blog-post.html' title='ക്രിക്കറ്റ് ലോകകപ്പ്'/><author><name>ശ്രീജിത്ത്‌ കെ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00309631157166948688</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='21' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_znNt8XWJFyA/SrwYOc4HLEI/AAAAAAAAWB8/1ZraTG5-kxI/S220/DSC_3334_1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>12</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116687335084879392</id><published>2006-12-23T03:27:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-12-24T18:46:44.690-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ദേശീയ പതാക</title><content type='html'>തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള ലേഖനം ഏകദേശം പൂര്‍ത്തിയായതിനാല്‍ നമ്മള്‍ അടുത്തതിലേക്ക് പോകുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;നല്ല മലയാളം ഉപയോഗിക്കാനും ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ എഴുതാനും കഴിവുള്ള ബൂലോകരുടെ ഇടയില്‍ നിന്ന് വളരെ കുറച്ച് പേര്‍ മാത്രമേ ഈ സൌജന്യ വിജ്ഞാനകോശത്തിലേക്ക് ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ സംഭാവന ചെയ്യുന്നുള്ളൂ. വരും നാളുകളില്‍ അത് കൂടും എന്ന് പ്രത്യാശിക്കാം. എങ്കിലും ഈ അടുത്ത് കാലത്ത് കുറച്ച് കനപ്പെട്ട ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ ഈ പരിഭാഷവിക്കിയിലൂടെ സംഭാവന ചെയ്യാന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞു എന്നതില്‍ പരിഭാഷാവിക്കിയില്‍ സഹരിക്കുന്നവര്‍ക്ക് അഭിമാനിക്കാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ദേശീയ പതാക-യെ കുറിച്ച് ഒരു ലേഖനം മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇല്ല എന്നു പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ വളരെ മോശമല്ലേ. അതിനാല്‍ നമ്മുടെ അടുത്ത ലേഖനം നമ്മുടെ ദേശീയ പതാകയെ കുറിച്ച് തന്നെയാകട്ടെ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഈ ലേഖനവും ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍ ഫീച്ചേര്‍ഡ് ലേഖനം ആയി ഒരു പ്രാവശ്യം വന്നതാണ്. അതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ ഇത് ഒരു ആധികാരിക ലേഖനം ആണ്. ലേഖനം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതിനോടൊപ്പം നമുക്ക് നമ്മുടെ ദേശീയ പതാകയെ കുറിച്ച് കുറച്ച് അറിവും നേടാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പരിഭാഷ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായാല്‍ അത് മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ടോ ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയോ ഇടുക.താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയില്‍ നിന്ന് ആരൊക്കെ എന്തൊക്കെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്നും ഓരോ വിഭാഗത്തിന്റേയും നിലവിലുള്ള അവസ്ഥ എന്താണെന്നും അറിയാം. ഏതെങ്കിലും വിഭാഗം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ എടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് അത് വെറെ ആരും പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നില്ല എന്നു ഉറപ്പു വരുത്തുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വിവിധ വിഭാഗങ്ങള്‍‍ക്കും യോജിച്ച മലയാള തല‍ക്കെട്ട് പരിഭാഷപെടുത്തുന്നവര്‍ തന്നെ കൊടുക്കുക. ഇനി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നത് മാറി പോകാതിരീക്കാന്‍ അതാത് വിഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ക്രമ നം. ഉം ഇംഗ്ലീ‍ഷിലുള്ള വിഭാഗവും ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയി ഇടുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;table id="table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;പരിഭാഷ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Design &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Symbolism &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Navan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Progressing&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Manufacturing process &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Proper flag protocol &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Respect for the flag &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Handling of the flag &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Correct display &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;With other countries &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Progressing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;With non-national flags&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Progressing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Showing the flag indoors &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Navan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Parades and ceremonies &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Navan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Display on vehicles &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Navan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Half-mast &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Disposal &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;References &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;External links &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116687335084879392?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116687335084879392/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116687335084879392' title='28 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116687335084879392'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116687335084879392'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/12/blog-post_23.html' title='ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ദേശീയ പതാക'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>28</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116239111215871564</id><published>2006-11-01T06:24:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-12-23T02:15:44.906-08:00</updated><title type='text'>തിരുവനന്തപുരം</title><content type='html'>ശങ്കരാചാര്യരെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള ലേഖനം ഏകദേശം പൂര്‍ത്തീയായായതീനാല്‍ അടുത്തതായി കേരളത്തിന്റെ തലസ്ഥാനമായ തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഈ ലേഖനം ആയാലോ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/19028451"&gt;പൊന്നമ്പലം&lt;/a&gt; പറഞ്ഞതു പോലെ "ഇതിന്റെ ഇംഗ്ലിഷ് വേര്‍ഷന്‍‍ ഫീച്ചേഡ് ആര്‍ട്ടിക്കിള്‍ സ്ഥാനത്തിന് മത്സരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അതിനാല്, മലയാളം വേര്‍ഷന്‍ കൂടിയുണ്ടെങ്കില് ഒരു സപ്പോര്‍ട്ട് ആകും." അതിനാല്‍ നമുക്ക് ഇത് പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/തിരുവനന്തപുരം"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഒരു പ്രധാന കാര്യം. ഇതു &lt;strong&gt;തിരുവനന്തപുരം പട്ടണത്തെകുറിച്ചുള്ള&lt;/strong&gt; ലേഖനം ആണ്. അതിനാല്‍ തിരുവനന്തപുരം ജില്ലയെകുറിച്ചുള്ള പൊതുവായ കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഇതില്‍ ഉള്‍പ്പെടുത്താതിരിക്കുക. പക്ഷെ തിരുവനന്തപുരം പട്ടണത്തെകുറിച്ച് എന്ത് അധിക വിവരം ഉണ്ടെങ്കിലും അത് ഇവിടെ അതതു വിഭാഗങ്ങളില്‍ കൂടിച്ചേര്‍ക്കുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പരിഭാഷ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായാല്‍ അത് മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ടോ ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയോ ഇടുക.താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയില്‍ നിന്ന് ആരൊക്കെ എന്തൊക്കെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്നും ഓരോ വിഭാഗത്തിന്റേയും നിലവിലുള്ള അവസ്ഥ എന്താണെന്നും അറിയാം. ഏതെങ്കിലും വിഭാഗം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ എടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് അത് വെറെ ആരും പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നില്ല എന്നു ഉറപ്പു വരുത്തുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വിവിധ വിഭാഗങ്ങള്‍‍ക്കും യോജിച്ച മലയാള തല‍ക്കെട്ട് പരിഭാഷപെടുത്തുന്നവര്‍ തന്നെ കൊടുക്കുക. ഇനി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നത് മാറി പോകാതിരീക്കാന്‍ അതാത് വിഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ക്രമ നം. ഉം ഇംഗ്ലീ‍ഷിലുള്ള വിഭാഗവും ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയി ഇടുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;table id="table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;പരിഭാഷ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Origin of name &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;History&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Geography and Climate &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Economy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Government and politics &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നമ്പലം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Transport &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Demographics &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Culture &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നമ്പലം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Progressing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Education &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Media &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Sports &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Strategic Importance &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Progressing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Notes &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;References&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;External links&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116239111215871564?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116239111215871564/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116239111215871564' title='37 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116239111215871564'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116239111215871564'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/11/blog-post.html' title='തിരുവനന്തപുരം'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>37</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116178146555107411</id><published>2006-10-25T06:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-12-23T23:05:49.603-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ശങ്കരാചാര്യര്‍</title><content type='html'>അടുത്തത് ശങ്കരാചാര്യരെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"&gt;ഈ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കി ലേഖനം &lt;/a&gt;ആയാലോ.&lt;br /&gt;ഈ ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¶à´àµà´à´°à´¾à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´°àµâ"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് ഇതാ.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഈ ലേഖനം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിപീഡിയയിലെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം എന്ന വിഭാഗത്തില്‍ ഒരു പ്രാവശ്യം വന്നതാണ്. അതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ ഇത് ഒരു ആധികാരിക ലേഖനമാണ്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ചില ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വാക്കുകളുടെ മലയാള അര്‍ഥം അറിയില്ലെങ്കില്‍ അതിനു നിങ്ങളെ സഹായിക്കാന്‍ ഒരു &lt;a href="http://sreejithk2000.googlepages.com/Malayalam_dict.zip"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലിഷ്-മലയാളം നിഘണ്ടു സോഫ്റ്റ് വെയര്‍ ഈ ലിങ്കിലേക്ക് &lt;/a&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് അപ്‌ലോഡ് ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ട്. ആവശ്യമുള്ളവര്‍ അത് ഡൌണ്‍ലോഡ് ചെയ്ത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കാതെ ദയവ് ചെയ്ത് മുങ്ങരുത്. അങ്ങനെ മുങ്ങിയ പലരും ഇപ്പോള്‍ പതുക്കെ പൊങ്ങി വരുന്നുണ്ട്. :)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പരിഭാഷ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായാല്‍ അത് മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ടോ ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയോ ഇടുക.&lt;br /&gt;താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയില്‍ നിന്ന് ആരൊക്കെ എന്തൊക്കെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്നും ഓരോ വിഭാഗത്തിന്റേയും നിലവിലുള്ള അവസ്ഥ എന്താണെന്നും അറിയാം. ഏതെങ്കിലും വിഭാഗം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ എടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് അത് വെറെ ആരും പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നില്ല എന്നു ഉറപ്പു വരുത്തുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷിലുള്ള ലേഖനം പോസ്റ്റില്‍ വെറുതെ പേസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യുന്നത് ഒരു വിധത്തീലും സഹായിക്കാത്തതു കൊണ്ട് അത് ഇവിടെ ഒട്ടിക്കുന്നില്ല. ദയവായി &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍ നിന്ന്&lt;/a&gt; നിങ്ങള്‍ പരിഭാഷപ്പെത്തൂന്ന വിഭാഗം നിങ്ങള്‍ തന്നെ എടുക്കുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വിവിധ വിഭാഗങ്ങള്‍‍ക്കും യോജിച്ച മലയാള തല‍ക്കെട്ട് പരിഭാഷപെടുത്തുന്നവര്‍ തന്നെ കൊടുക്കുക. ഇനി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നത് മാറി പോകാതിരീക്കാന്‍ അതാത് വിഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ക്രമ നം. ഉം ഇംഗ്ലീ‍ഷിലുള്ള വിഭാഗവും ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയി ഇടുക. എല്ലാവരും ഒന്നു ഒത്തു പിടിച്ചാല്‍ വെറും രണ്ടു ദിവസം കൊണ്ട് ഒരു ലേഖനം കൂടി പൂ‍ര്‍ണ്ണം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;table id="table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;മലയാളത്തിലുള്ള വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;പരിഭാഷ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആമുഖം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Life&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ചരിത്രം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1.1 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Birth and childhood &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ജനനം, ബാല്യം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Sannyasa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സന്ന്യാസം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Meeting with Mandana Mishra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Dig-vijaya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദിഗ് വിജയം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;കിച്ചു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1..5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Accession to Sarvajnapitha &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;സിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1.6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Dates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മഴത്തുള്ളി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Mathas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മഠങ്ങള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Philosophy and religious thought &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രവും മതചിന്തകളും&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് കെ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Advaita Vedanta in summary&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പെരിങ്ങോടന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Historical and cultural impact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പെരിങ്ങോടന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Works&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;See also&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇതും കാണുക&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Completed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Notes &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;കുറിപ്പുകള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;References&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആധാര പ്രമാണങ്ങള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;External links&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികള്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Completed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116178146555107411?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116178146555107411/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116178146555107411' title='100 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116178146555107411'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116178146555107411'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_116178146555107411.html' title='ശങ്കരാചാര്യര്‍'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>100</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116175800214933694</id><published>2006-10-24T23:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-24T23:33:22.476-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ഡെബിയന്‍ ലിനക്സ് പരിഭാഷ</title><content type='html'>ഡെബിയന്‍ ലിനക്സ് മലയാ‍ളത്തിലാക്കുന്ന സംരംഭം, ആവശ്യത്തിന് പരിഭാഷക്കാരില്ലാത്തതിനാല്‍ വളരെ പതുക്കെയാണ് നീങ്ങുന്നത്. ഈ ബ്ലോഗില്‍ വരുന്നവരില്‍ ഭൂരിഭാഗവും പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാന്‍ താല്പര്യമുള്ളവരായതിനാലും, ലിനക്സിനോട് മിക്കവര്‍ക്കും ഒരു സവിശേഷ താല്പര്യമുള്ളതിനാലും‍ ഈ പേജിലേക്കും പരിഭാഷക്കാരെ ക്ഷണിക്കുന്നു. ഇതാണ് പേജിലേയ്ക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://fci.wikia.com/wiki/Debian/മലയാളം/ലെവല്‍1/മാസ്റ്റര്‍/ml.po"&gt;http://fci.wikia.com/wiki/Debian/മലയാളം/ലെവല്‍1/മാസ്റ്റര്‍/ml.po&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഇത് വിക്കിയിലുള്ള സംരംഭമല്ലാത്തതിനാല്‍ മറ്റ് പരിഭാഷ പോസ്റ്റുകളെപ്പോലെ ഈ പേജ് ഘട്ടം ഘട്ടമായി വിഭജിച്ച് നല്‍കുന്നില്ല. താല്പര്യം ഉള്ളവര്‍ ഇവിടെ കമന്റായി അറിയിക്കണമെന്നുമില്ല. ആ പേജില്‍ പോയി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാന്‍ ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്ന വരികള്‍ക്കു മുകളിലും താഴെയും ആയി ഇങ്ങനെ ഇട്ടാല്‍ മതിയാകും.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--&gt;**Name** Starts here --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--&gt;**Name** Ends here --&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;msgid എന്നതില്‍ കൊടുത്ത ആംഗലേയ വാക്യങ്ങള്‍ msgstr എന്നതിന്റെ നേരെ കൊടുത്താല്‍ മതിയാകും. മറ്റുള്ളവ വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്യേണ്ടവയല്ല.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ആയിരത്തി അഞ്ഞൂറില്‍പ്പരം പദങ്ങള്‍ വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്യാനുണ്ട് അവിടെ. നിലവില്‍ വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്തവ അന്‍പതില്‍ താഴെ മാത്രം. അവിടെ കൂടുതല്‍ പങ്കാളിത്തം പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116175800214933694?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116175800214933694/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116175800214933694' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116175800214933694'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116175800214933694'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_24.html' title='ഡെബിയന്‍ ലിനക്സ് പരിഭാഷ'/><author><name>ശ്രീജിത്ത്‌ കെ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00309631157166948688</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='21' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_znNt8XWJFyA/SrwYOc4HLEI/AAAAAAAAWB8/1ZraTG5-kxI/S220/DSC_3334_1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116125173351362826</id><published>2006-10-19T02:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-27T00:09:06.136-07:00</updated><title type='text'>തമിഴ്</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;അടുത്തത് തമിഴ് ഭാഷയെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഈ മനോഹര ലേഖനം ആയാലോ. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക്&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ"&gt;മലയാളം വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക്&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഈ ലേഖനം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിപീഡിയയിലെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം എന്ന വിഭാഗത്തില്‍ ഒരു പ്രാവശ്യം വന്നതാണ്. അതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ ഇത് ഒരു ആധികാരിക ലേഖനമണ്. ഈ ലേഖനം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തിക്കഴിയുമ്പോഴേക്കും തമിഴ് ഭാഷയെക്കുറിച്ച് സാമാന്യ വിവരം നമ്മള്‍ക്ക് കിട്ടും. ഓരോരുത്തരും ഓരോ വിഭാഗം ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് സഹായിക്കൂ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ചില ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വാക്കുകളുടെ മലയാള അര്‍ഥം അറിയില്ലെങ്കില്‍ അതിനു നിങ്ങളെ സഹായിക്കാന്‍ ഒരു &lt;a href="http://sreejithk2000.googlepages.com/Malayalam_dict.zip"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലിഷ്-മലയാളം നിഘണ്ടു സോഫ്റ്റ് വെയര്‍ ഈ ലിങ്കിലേക്ക് &lt;/a&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് അപ്‌ലോഡ് ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ട്. ആവശ്യമുള്ളവര്‍ അത് ഡൌണ്‍ലോഡ് ചെയ്ത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുക.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കാതെ ദയവ് ചെയ്ത് മുങ്ങരുത്. പരിഭാഷ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായാല്‍ അത് മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ടോ ഇവിടെ കമെന്റ് ആയോ ഇടുക. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;താഴെയുള്ള പട്ടികയില്‍ നിന്ന് ആരൊക്കെ എന്തൊക്കെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്നും ഓരോ വിഭാഗത്തിന്റേയും നിലവിലുള്ള അവസ്ഥ എന്താണെന്നും അറിയാം. ഏതെങ്കിലും വിഭാഗം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ എടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് അത് വെറെ ആരും പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നില്ല എന്നു ഉറപ്പു വരുത്തുക.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;table id="table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ക്രമ നം.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;മലയാളത്തിലുള്ള വിഭാഗം&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;പരിഭാഷ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ചെയ്യുന്ന ആള്‍&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;നിലവിലുള്ള നില&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Preface&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആമുഖം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ചരിത്രം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഷിജു&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Classification"&gt;Classification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;തരംതിരിവ്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആദിത്യന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Geographic_distribution"&gt;Geographic distribution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഭൌമ ശാസ്ത്രപമായ വിതരണം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പൊന്നപ്പന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Legal_status"&gt;Legal status &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മന്‍ജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Spoken_and_literary_variants"&gt;Spoken and literary variants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മന്‍ജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Dialects &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;മന്‍ജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Writing_system"&gt;Writing system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ലിപി&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പെരിങ്ങോടന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;Completed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Sounds"&gt;Sounds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഉച്ചാരണം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;In progess&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Vowels &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Consonants &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Special character &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Writing_system"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Phonology &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Grammar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;വ്യാകരണം&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആദിത്യന്‍&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;In progess&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Parts of speech &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;--&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Syntax &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.A6.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.AE.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;--&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color:red;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Vocabulary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പദസമ്പത്ത്&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.A6.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.AE.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Examples"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Examples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഉദാഹരണങ്ങള്‍&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.89.E0.B4.A6.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B9.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E2.80.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ഇതും കാണുക&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.87.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.82_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.95"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#References"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ആധാര പ്രമാണങ്ങള്‍&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.86.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B0_.E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.AE.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E2.80.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;10.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Footnotes"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;അടി കുറിപ്പുകള്‍&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E2.80.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height="24"&gt;10.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികള്‍&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/à´¤à´®à´¿à´´àµâ#.E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.87.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B3_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E2.80.8D"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="24"&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത്&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td height="24"&gt;Completed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="Wikipedia:Featured articles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="image" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LinkFA-star.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tamilதமிழ் tamiḻ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is one of the few living classical languages and has an unbroken literary &lt;a title="Tradition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition"&gt;tradition&lt;/a&gt; of over two &lt;a title="Millennium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium"&gt;millennia&lt;/a&gt;. The high level of &lt;a title="Diglossia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia"&gt;diglossia&lt;/a&gt; exhibited by Tamil, and the prestige accorded to classical Tamil, have resulted in much of the vocabulary and forms of classical Tamil being preserved in modern literary Tamil, such that the higher registers of literary Tamil tend towards the classical language. The classical language also forms an important part of Tamil-medium education: verses from the Tirukkural, a classical work, are, for example, taught in primary school. The ordinary form of the modern language used in speech and writing, in contrast, has undergone significant changes, to the extent that a person who has not learnt the higher literary form will have difficulty understanding it.&lt;br /&gt;The name 'Tamil' is an anglicised form of the native name தமிழ் (&lt;a title="International Phonetic Alphabet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"&gt;IPA&lt;/a&gt; /t̪ɐmɨɻ/). The final letter of the name, usually transcribed as the lowercase l or zh, is a &lt;a title="Retroflex" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex"&gt;retroflex&lt;/a&gt; r. In phonetic transcriptions, it is usually represented by the &lt;a title="Retroflex approximant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_approximant"&gt;retroflex approximant&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Contents[&lt;a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#History"&gt;1 History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Classification"&gt;2 Classification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Geographic_distribution"&gt;3 Geographic distribution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Legal_status"&gt;3.1 Legal status&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Spoken_and_literary_variants"&gt;3.2 Spoken and literary variants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Dialects"&gt;3.3 Dialects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Writing_system"&gt;4 Writing system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Sounds"&gt;5 Sounds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vowels"&gt;5.1 Vowels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Consonants"&gt;5.2 Consonants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Special_character"&gt;5.3 Special character&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Phonology"&gt;5.4 Phonology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Elision"&gt;5.4.1 Elision&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Grammar"&gt;6 Grammar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Parts_of_speech"&gt;6.1 Parts of speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Syntax"&gt;6.2 Syntax&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Vocabulary"&gt;7 Vocabulary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Examples"&gt;8 Examples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#See_also"&gt;9 See also&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#References"&gt;10 References&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Modern_works"&gt;10.1 Modern works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Ancient_works"&gt;10.2 Ancient works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Footnotes"&gt;11 Footnotes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#External_links"&gt;12 External links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#General"&gt;12.1 General&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#Online_learning_resources"&gt;12.2 Online learning resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;//&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: History" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="History" name="History"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;History&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="A set of palm leaf manuscripts from the 15th century or the 16th century, containing Christian prayers in Tamil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Christian_prayers_in_tamil_on_palm_leaves.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Christian_prayers_in_tamil_on_palm_leaves.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A set of palm leaf manuscripts from the 15th century or the 16th century, containing &lt;a title="Christianity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"&gt;Christian&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Prayer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"&gt;prayers&lt;/a&gt; in Tamil&lt;br /&gt;The origins of Tamil, like the other &lt;a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"&gt;Dravidian languages&lt;/a&gt; are unknown, but unlike most of the other established literary &lt;a title="Indian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_languages"&gt;languages of India&lt;/a&gt;, are independent of &lt;a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt;. Tamil has the oldest literature amongst the Dravidian languages (Hart, 1975), but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India or Sri Lanka were preserved either in &lt;a title="Palm leaf manuscript" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript"&gt;palm leaf manuscripts&lt;/a&gt; (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible. &lt;a title="Chronology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"&gt;External chronological records&lt;/a&gt; and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that the oldest extant works were probably composed sometime in the 2nd century CE.&lt;br /&gt;The earliest extant text in Tamil is the &lt;a title="Tolkāppiyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TolkÄppiyam"&gt;Tolkāppiyam&lt;/a&gt;, a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, the oldest portions of this book may date back to around 200 BCE (Hart, 1975). Apart from these, the earliest examples of Tamil writing we have today are rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, which are written in an adapted form of the &lt;a title="Brahmi script" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script"&gt;Brahmi script&lt;/a&gt; (Mahadevan, 2003). &lt;a title="Linguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"&gt;Linguists&lt;/a&gt; categorise &lt;a title="Tamil literature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"&gt;Tamil literature&lt;/a&gt; and language into three periods: ancient (500 BCE to 700 CE), medieval (700 CE to 1500 CE) and modern (1500 CE to the present). During the medieval period, a number of Sanskrit &lt;a title="Loan word" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word"&gt;loan words&lt;/a&gt; were absorbed by Tamil, which many 20th century &lt;a title="Purist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purist"&gt;purists&lt;/a&gt;, notably &lt;a title="Parithimaar Kalaignar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parithimaar_Kalaignar"&gt;Parithimaar Kalaignar&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Maraimalai Adigal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraimalai_Adigal"&gt;Maraimalai Adigal&lt;/a&gt;, later sought to remove. This movement was called thanith thamizh iyakkam (meaning pure Tamil movement). As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, public speeches and scientific discourses is largely free of Sanskrit loan words.[&lt;a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Classification" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Classification" name="Classification"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Classification&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is a member of the &lt;a title="Tamil languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languages"&gt;Tamil language family&lt;/a&gt;, which includes the &lt;a title="Irula language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irula_language"&gt;Irula&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="new" title="Kaikadi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaikadi_language&amp;action=edit"&gt;Kaikadi&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Betta Kurumba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language"&gt;Betta Kurumba&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sholaga language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholaga_language"&gt;Sholaga&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a class="new" title="Yerukula language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yerukula_language&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;Yerukula&lt;/a&gt; languages. This group is a subgroup of the &lt;a title="Tamil-Malayalam languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Malayalam_languages"&gt;Tamil-Malayalam languages&lt;/a&gt;, which falls under a subgroup of the &lt;a class="new" title="Tamil-Kodagu languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil-Kodagu_languages&amp;action=edit"&gt;Tamil-Kodagu languages&lt;/a&gt;, which in turn is a subgroup of the &lt;a title="Tamil-Kannada languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Kannada_languages"&gt;Tamil-Kannada languages&lt;/a&gt;. The Tamil-Kannada languages belong to the &lt;a title="Southern Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Dravidian_languages"&gt;southern&lt;/a&gt; branch of the &lt;a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"&gt;Dravidian language family&lt;/a&gt;. Tamil is most closely related to &lt;a title="Malayalam language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"&gt;Malayalam&lt;/a&gt;, spoken in the Indian state of &lt;a title="Kerala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"&gt;Kerala&lt;/a&gt; which borders &lt;a title="Tamil Nadu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"&gt;Tamil Nadu&lt;/a&gt;, which linguists estimate separated from Tamil between the 8th and 10th centuries.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Geographic_distribution" name="Geographic_distribution"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Geographic distribution&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is the first language of the majority in the southern &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt; state of &lt;a title="Tamil Nadu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"&gt;Tamil Nadu&lt;/a&gt;, and in northern, eastern and northeastern &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt;. The language is also spoken by small groups of minorities in other parts of these two countries, most notably in the Indian states of &lt;a title="Karnataka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"&gt;Karnataka&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Kerala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"&gt;Kerala&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Maharashtra" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"&gt;Maharashtra&lt;/a&gt;, and in &lt;a title="Colombo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"&gt;Colombo&lt;/a&gt; and the hill country in &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;During the 19th and early 20th centuries, along with other ethnic Indians, Tamil-speaking &lt;a title="Indentured servant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant"&gt;indentured servants&lt;/a&gt; from India were sent to many parts of the &lt;a title="British empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empire"&gt;British empire&lt;/a&gt; where they founded Tamil-speaking communities amongst the larger &lt;a title="Indian diaspora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diaspora"&gt;Indian diasporas&lt;/a&gt;. There are currently sizeable Tamil-speaking populations descended from them in &lt;a title="Singapore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Malaysia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Asians in South Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asians_in_South_Africa"&gt;South Africa&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Mauritius" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"&gt;Mauritius&lt;/a&gt;. Many people in &lt;a title="Guyana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"&gt;Guyana&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Fiji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"&gt;Fiji&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Suriname" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"&gt;Suriname&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Trinidad and Tobago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"&gt;Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/a&gt; have Tamil origins, but the language is spoken only by a small number there. (see &lt;a title="Tamil diaspora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_diaspora"&gt;Tamil diaspora&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;Groups of more recent emigrants - refugees from the Sri Lankan &lt;a title="Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict_in_Sri_Lanka"&gt;civil war&lt;/a&gt;, as well as economic migrants such as engineering, IT, medical professionals and academics - exist in &lt;a title="Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt; (especially &lt;a title="Toronto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"&gt;Toronto&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a title="Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="USA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA"&gt;USA&lt;/a&gt; and most western &lt;a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"&gt;European&lt;/a&gt; countries.(see &lt;a title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora"&gt;Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Legal status" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Legal_status" name="Legal_status"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Legal status&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is the &lt;a title="Official Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Language"&gt;Official Language&lt;/a&gt; of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and is one of 23 nationally recognised Official Languages in the &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt; Constitution. Tamil is also an official language of &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Singapore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;, and has constitutional recognition in &lt;a title="South Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"&gt;South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In addition, with the creation in 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the &lt;a title="Government of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"&gt;government of India&lt;/a&gt;, Tamil became the first legally recognised classical language following a campaign by several Tamil associations supported by academics from India and abroad, most notably Professor &lt;a title="George L. Hart" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Hart"&gt;George L. Hart&lt;/a&gt;, who occupies the Chair in Tamil Studies at the &lt;a title="University of California, Berkeley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"&gt;University of California, Berkeley&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_note-Hart_statement"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; The recognition was announced by the &lt;a title="President of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"&gt;President of India&lt;/a&gt;, Dr. &lt;a title="Abdul Kalam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam"&gt;Abdul Kalam&lt;/a&gt;, in a joint sitting of both houses of the &lt;a title="Parliament of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"&gt;Indian Parliament&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a title="June 6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6"&gt;June 6&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_note-Kalam_speech"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_note-BBC_news"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_note-TNgovt"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Spoken and literary variants" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Spoken_and_literary_variants" name="Spoken_and_literary_variants"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spoken and literary variants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="The opening of the book of Genesis in an 18th century Tamil bible. The language is centamil." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Genesis_in_a_Tamil_bible_from_1723.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Genesis_in_a_Tamil_bible_from_1723.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The opening of the book of Genesis in an 18th century Tamil &lt;a title="Bible" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"&gt;bible&lt;/a&gt;. The language is centamil.&lt;br /&gt;In addition to its various dialects, Tamil also exhibits a rather sharp &lt;a title="Diglossia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia"&gt;diglossia&lt;/a&gt; between its formal or classic variety, called centamil, and its &lt;a title="Colloquial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial"&gt;colloquial&lt;/a&gt; form, called koduntamil, a broad term which traditionally referred to all spoken Tamil dialects rather than any one standard form. Diglossia has existed in the language since ancient times - the language used in early &lt;a title="Koil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koil"&gt;temple&lt;/a&gt; inscriptions differs quite significantly from the language of classical poetry. In consequence, standard centamil is not based on the speech of any one region, a fact which has helped keep the written language mostly the same across various Tamil speaking regions.&lt;br /&gt;In modern times, centamil is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of &lt;a title="Tamil literature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"&gt;Tamil literature&lt;/a&gt; and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, koduntamil has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of centamil. Most contemporary &lt;a title="Film" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"&gt;cinema&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Theatre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"&gt;theatre&lt;/a&gt; and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example, is in koduntamil, and many &lt;a title="Politician" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"&gt;politicians&lt;/a&gt; use it to bring themselves closer to their audience.&lt;br /&gt;Spoken dialects did not have much prestige: Tamils believed that the grammatical rules of literary centamil had been formulated by the gods and they were therefore seen as being the only correct speech (see, for example, Kankeyar, 1840). In contrast to most &lt;a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"&gt;European&lt;/a&gt; languages, therefore, Tamil did not have a standard spoken form for much of its history. In modern times, however, the increasing use of koduntamil has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt;, the 'standard' koduntamil is based on 'educated non-brahmin speech', rather than on any one dialect (Schiffman, 1998), but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of &lt;a title="Thanjavur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjavur"&gt;Thanjavur&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Madurai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"&gt;Madurai&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt; the standard is based on the dialect of &lt;a title="Jaffna" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"&gt;Jaffna&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Dialects" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Dialects" name="Dialects"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dialects&lt;br /&gt;Tamil dialects are mainly differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. Thus the word for "here" - ingu in &lt;a class="new" title="Centamil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centamil&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;Centamil&lt;/a&gt; (the classic variety) - has evolved into inge in the &lt;a class="new" title="Kongu dialect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongu_dialect&amp;action=edit"&gt;Kongu dialect&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a title="Coimbatore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"&gt;Coimbatore&lt;/a&gt;, inga in the dialect of &lt;a title="Thanjavur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjavur"&gt;Thanjavur&lt;/a&gt;, ingane in the dialect of &lt;a title="Tirunelveli" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli"&gt;Tirunelveli&lt;/a&gt;, inguttu in the dialect of &lt;a title="Ramanathapuram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanathapuram"&gt;Ramanathapuram&lt;/a&gt;, ingale and ingade in various northern dialects and ingai in some dialects of &lt;a title="Jaffna" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"&gt;Jaffna&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Although most Tamil dialects do not differ very significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt; retain many words that are not in everyday use in &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt;, and use many other words slightly differently. The dialect of the &lt;a title="Iyer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyer"&gt;Iyers&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a title="Palakkad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad"&gt;Palakkad&lt;/a&gt; has a large number of &lt;a title="Malayalam language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"&gt;Malayalam&lt;/a&gt; loanwords,has also been influenced by Malayalam syntax and also has a distinct Malayalam accent. Finally, the &lt;a title="Sanketi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanketi"&gt;Sanketi&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Hebbar Iyengars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengars"&gt;Hebbar&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Mandyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandyam"&gt;Mandyam&lt;/a&gt; dialects, the former spoken by groups of Tamil &lt;a title="Iyers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyers"&gt;Iyers&lt;/a&gt; and the latter two by &lt;a title="Vaishnavism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"&gt;Vaishnavites&lt;/a&gt; who migrated to &lt;a title="Karnataka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"&gt;Karnataka&lt;/a&gt; in the 11th century, retains many features of the &lt;a class="new" title="Vaishnava paribasai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaishnava_paribasai&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;Vaishnava paribasai&lt;/a&gt;, a special form of Tamil designed in the 9th and 10th centuries to reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values.&lt;a title="Bangalore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"&gt;Bangalore&lt;/a&gt; also has its own version of Tamil,and is mainly spoken by the people whose mother tongue is not Tamil and infuses words from &lt;a title="Kannada language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language"&gt;Kannada&lt;/a&gt; and even &lt;a title="Hindi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"&gt;Hindi&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil dialects vary according to both region and community. Several &lt;a title="Caste" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"&gt;castes&lt;/a&gt; have their own dialects which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. Some of these differences have begun to fade away in recent years as a result of the anti-casteist movement, but many traces remain and it is often possible to identify a person's &lt;a title="Caste" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"&gt;caste&lt;/a&gt; by their speech.&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Ethnologue" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"&gt;Ethnologue&lt;/a&gt; lists twenty-two current dialects of Tamil, including &lt;a title="Adi Dravida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Dravida"&gt;Adi Dravida&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Iyer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyer"&gt;Aiyar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Iyengar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyengar"&gt;Aiyangar&lt;/a&gt;, Arava, Burgandi, Kasuva, Kongar, Korava, Korchi, Madrasi, Parikala, Pattapu Bhasha, &lt;a title="SLT dialects" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLT_dialects"&gt;Sri Lanka Tamil&lt;/a&gt;, Malaya Tamil, Burma Tamil, South Africa Tamil, &lt;a title="Tigala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigala"&gt;Tigalu&lt;/a&gt;, Harijan, &lt;a title="Sankethi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankethi_language"&gt;Sankethi&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Hebbar Iyengars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengars"&gt;Hebbar&lt;/a&gt;, Tirunelveli, &lt;a title="Tamil Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Muslim"&gt;Tamil Muslim&lt;/a&gt; and Madurai. Other known dialects are &lt;a title="Kongu Nadu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu_Nadu"&gt;Kongu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Kanyakumari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari"&gt;Kumari&lt;/a&gt;,which are heavily influenced by &lt;a title="Malayalam language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"&gt;Malayalam&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Although not a dialect, the Tamil spoken in &lt;a title="Chennai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"&gt;Chennai&lt;/a&gt; (Capital of Tamil Nadu) infuses &lt;a title="English Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt; words and is called &lt;a title="Madras Bashai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Bashai"&gt;Madras Bashai&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Writing system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Writing_system" name="Writing_system"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Writing system&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Tamil script" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_script"&gt;Tamil script&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="History of Tamil script" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;History of Tamil script&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is a &lt;a title="Phonetic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic"&gt;phonetic&lt;/a&gt; language and is subject to well-defined rules of &lt;a title="Elision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"&gt;elision&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Euphony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphony"&gt;euphony&lt;/a&gt;. The present script used to write Tamil text is believed to have evolved from the &lt;a title="Brahmi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi"&gt;Brahmi&lt;/a&gt; script of the &lt;a title="Ashoka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"&gt;Ashoka&lt;/a&gt; era. Later, a southern variant of the Brahmi script evolved into the &lt;a title="Grantha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha"&gt;Grantha&lt;/a&gt; script, which was used to write both &lt;a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt; and Tamil texts. Between the 6th and 10th centuries, a new script called vettezhuthu (meaning letters that are cut) evolved in order to make it easy for creating inscriptions on stone. Some people also call this vattezhuthu (meaning curved letters). The over dot, called puLLi was specially defined in Tamil Grammar Tolkappiyam to distinguish consonants from ligatures. During the print revolution, Veeramaamunivar made some changes to Tamil writing, such as placing vowel markers in both left and right of consonants. Around 1935, &lt;a title="Periyar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar"&gt;Periyar&lt;/a&gt; suggested some changes to make it amenable to &lt;a title="Printing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"&gt;printing&lt;/a&gt;. Some of these suggestions were incorporated by the &lt;a title="M.G. Ramachandran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.G._Ramachandran"&gt;M.G. Ramachandran&lt;/a&gt; government in 1975.&lt;br /&gt;While the script was still evolving, many Sanskrit words were borrowed into Tamil. To facilitate writing these words, some characters from the Grantha script are still retained. However, there are many purists who would argue against the use of such characters as there are well-defined rules in the Tolkāppiyam for Tamilising &lt;a title="Loan word" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word"&gt;loan words&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Sounds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Sounds" name="Sounds"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sounds&lt;br /&gt;The Tamil &lt;a title="Alphabet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"&gt;alphabet&lt;/a&gt; has 12 &lt;a title="Vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"&gt;vowels&lt;/a&gt; and 18 &lt;a title="Consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"&gt;consonants&lt;/a&gt;. These combine to form 216 compound characters. There is one special character (aaytha ezutthu), giving a total of 247 characters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Tamil tongue twister.ogg" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg"&gt;A Tamil tongue twister&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Image:Tamil tongue twister.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg"&gt;file info&lt;/a&gt;) — &lt;a class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~gmaxwell/jorbis/JOrbisPlayer.php?path=" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~gmaxwell/jorbis/JOrbisPlayer.php?path=Tamil+tongue+twister.ogg&amp;wiki=en" wiki="en"&gt;play in browser&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Development stage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_stage#Beta"&gt;beta&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;The sentence literally means: "An old pauper stepped on a banana peel, and slipped, slithered, and fell"&lt;br /&gt;Problems listening to the file? See &lt;a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"&gt;media help&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Vowels" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=9"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Vowels" name="Vowels"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vowels&lt;br /&gt;The vowels are called uyir ezhuthu (uyir - life, ezhuthu - letter). The vowels are classified into short and long (five of each type) and two &lt;a title="Diphthong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"&gt;diphthongs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;The long (nedil) vowels are about twice as long as the short (kuRil) vowels. The &lt;a title="Diphthong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"&gt;diphthongs&lt;/a&gt; are usually pronounced about 1.5 times as long as the short vowels, though most grammatical texts place them with the long vowels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Vowel length" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length"&gt;Short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Long&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Front vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel"&gt;Front&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Central vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel"&gt;Central&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Back vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel"&gt;Back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Front vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel"&gt;Front&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Central vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel"&gt;Central&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Back vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel"&gt;Back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Close vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel"&gt;Close&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;i&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;u&lt;br /&gt;iː&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;uː&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Mid vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowel"&gt;Mid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e&lt;br /&gt;(ə)&lt;br /&gt;o&lt;br /&gt;eː&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;oː&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Open vowel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel"&gt;Open&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(æː)&lt;br /&gt;aː&lt;br /&gt;(ɔː)&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Diphthong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"&gt;diphthongs&lt;/a&gt; of Tamil are&lt;br /&gt;ai&lt;br /&gt;au&lt;br /&gt;The vowels /ə/, /æː/, and /ɔː/ are peripheral to the phonology of Tamil, occurring only in &lt;a title="Loanword" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"&gt;loanwords&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Consonants" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Consonants" name="Consonants"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Consonants&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"&gt;consonants&lt;/a&gt; are classified into three categories with six in each category: vallinam - hard, mellinam - soft or &lt;a title="Nasal consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"&gt;Nasal&lt;/a&gt;, and idayinam - medium. Tamil has very restricted consonant clusters (eg: never word initial etc.) and has neither aspirated nor voiced &lt;a title="Stop consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"&gt;stops&lt;/a&gt;. Some scholars have suggested that in Chenthamil (which refers to Tamil as it existed before &lt;a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt; words were borrowed), stops were voiceless when at the start of a word and voiced &lt;a title="Allophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"&gt;allophonically&lt;/a&gt; otherwise. However, no such distinction is observed by most modern Tamil speakers.&lt;br /&gt;A chart of the Tamil consonant &lt;a title="Phoneme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"&gt;phonemes&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a title="International Phonetic Alphabet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"&gt;International Phonetic Alphabet&lt;/a&gt; follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Labial consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"&gt;Labial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Dental consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant"&gt;Dental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Alveolar consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant"&gt;Alveolar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Retroflex consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant"&gt;Retroflex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Palatal consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant"&gt;Palatal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Velar consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant"&gt;Velar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Stop consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"&gt;Stop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;p (b)&lt;br /&gt;t̪ (d̪)&lt;br /&gt;t&lt;br /&gt;ʈ (ɖ)&lt;br /&gt;c (ɟ)&lt;br /&gt;k (g)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Nasal consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"&gt;Nasal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;m&lt;br /&gt;n̪&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ɳ&lt;br /&gt;ɲ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Fricative consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant"&gt;Fricative&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(f)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ʂ)&lt;br /&gt;(ɕ)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Approximant consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonant"&gt;Approximant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ʋ&lt;br /&gt;ɾ̪&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ɻ&lt;br /&gt;j&lt;br /&gt;(x)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Lateral consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant"&gt;Lateral approximant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;l̪&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ɭ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sounds /b/, /d̪/, /ɖ/, /ɟ/, /g/, /f/, /ʂ/, /ɕ/, /x/ are peripheral to the phonology of Tamil, being found only in loanwords and frequently replaced by native sounds.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Special character" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=11"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Special_character" name="Special_character"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Special character&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Akh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AayuthaEzhuthu.PNG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AayuthaEzhuthu.PNG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Akh&lt;br /&gt;The special character 'ஃ' (pronounced 'akh') is called āytham in the Tolkāppiyam (see Tolkāppiyam 1:1:2). The āytham is rarely used by itself: it normally serves a purely grammatical function as an independent vowel form, the equivalent of the &lt;a class="new" title="Overdot diacritic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overdot_diacritic&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;overdot diacritic&lt;/a&gt; of plain consonants. The rules of pronunciation given in the Tolkāppiyam suggest that the āytham could have &lt;a title="Glottal stop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"&gt;glottalised&lt;/a&gt; the sounds it was combined with. Although the character was common in classical Tamil, it fell out of use in the early modern period and is now very rare in written Tamil. It is occasionally used with a 'p' (as ஃப) to represent the phoneme [f].&lt;br /&gt;The āytham is also called ahenam (literally, 'the "ah" sound'). Its resemblance to the three dots that were found on &lt;a title="Shield" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield"&gt;shields&lt;/a&gt; in mediaeval times, and the similarity of the name āytham to the word āyutham meaning 'weapon' or 'tool' has resulted in it often being called āyutha ezhuthu (literally, 'the war-weapon letter').&lt;br /&gt;Many researchers now feel that the āytham is actually used to represent the &lt;a class="new" title="Voiced implosive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_implosive&amp;action=edit"&gt;voiced implosive&lt;/a&gt; (or closing part or the first half) of geminated voiced plosives inside a word. For example, a word written as 'mu-āytham-dee-dhu' (from MuLL+dheedhu) should be read as 'muddeedhu' (MuLL+dheedhu). (This &lt;a title="Derivation (linguistics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)"&gt;derivation&lt;/a&gt; is in accordance with the &lt;a title="Sandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"&gt;puṇarci&lt;/a&gt; rules for &lt;a title="Agglutination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination"&gt;agglutination&lt;/a&gt; in Tamil.) Thus the letter doesn't have a unique pronunciation ('akh') as commonly believed, but takes its pronunciation from the succeeding plosive in the word. Thus it doesn't have a separate place of origin in the oral cavity on its own, it shares the place of origin of the succeeding plosive. This is the reason why &lt;a title="Tolkāppiyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TolkÄppiyam"&gt;Tolkāppiyam&lt;/a&gt; calls it a 'Saarbezhuthu' (a dependent letter/sound).&lt;br /&gt;It is used to defend the mixing of other language words in Tamil.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Phonology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=12"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Phonology" name="Phonology"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Phonology&lt;br /&gt;Unlike most other Indian languages, Tamil does not have &lt;a title="Aspiration (phonetics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)"&gt;aspirated&lt;/a&gt; consonants. The Tamil script does not have distinct letters for &lt;a title="Voiced" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced"&gt;voiced&lt;/a&gt; and unvoiced &lt;a title="Plosives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosives"&gt;plosives&lt;/a&gt;, although both are present in the spoken language as &lt;a title="Allophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"&gt;allophones&lt;/a&gt;--i.e., they are in &lt;a title="Complementary distribution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_distribution"&gt;complementary distribution&lt;/a&gt; and the places they can occur do not intersect. For example, the unvoiced plosive 'p' occurs at the beginning of the words and the voiced plosive 'b' cannot. In the middle of words, unvoiced plosives commonly occur as a &lt;a title="Geminated pair" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminated_pair"&gt;geminated pair&lt;/a&gt; like -pp- , while voiced plosives do not usually come in pairs. Only the voiced plosives occur after a vowel, or after a corresponding nasal. Thus both the voiced and unvoiced plosives can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (plosive, &lt;a title="Nasal consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"&gt;nasal&lt;/a&gt;, etc.). The Tolkāppiyam cites detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. The rule is identical for all plosives.&lt;br /&gt;With the exception of one rule - the pronunciation of the letter c at the beginning of a word - these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing centamil. The position is, however, much more complex in relation to spoken koduntamil. The pronunciation of southern dialects and the dialects of &lt;a title="Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt; continues to reflect these rules to a large extent, though not completely. In northern dialects, however, sound shifts have changed many words so substantially that these rules no longer describe how words are pronounced. In addition many, but not all, &lt;a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Loan word" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word"&gt;loan words&lt;/a&gt; are pronounced in Tamil as they were in Sanskrit, even if this means that consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tolkāppiyam are voiced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Phonology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"&gt;Phonologists&lt;/a&gt; are divided in their opinion over why written Tamil did not distinguish between voiced and unvoiced characters. One point of view is that Tamil never had &lt;a class="new" title="Conjunct consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conjunct_consonant&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;conjunct consonants&lt;/a&gt; or voiced &lt;a title="Stop consonant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant"&gt;stops&lt;/a&gt; - voice was rather the result of &lt;a title="Elision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"&gt;elision&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="Sandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"&gt;sandhi&lt;/a&gt;. Consequently, unlike &lt;a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"&gt;Indo-European languages&lt;/a&gt; and other &lt;a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"&gt;Dravidian languages&lt;/a&gt;, Tamil did not need separate characters for voiced consonants. A slightly different theory holds that voiced consonants were at one stage allophones of unvoiced consonants, and the lack of distinction between the two in the modern script merely reflects that.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Elision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Elision" name="Elision"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elision&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Elision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"&gt;Elision&lt;/a&gt; is the reduction in the duration of sound of a &lt;a title="Phoneme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"&gt;phoneme&lt;/a&gt; when preceded by or followed by certain other sounds. There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil. They are categorised into different classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.&lt;br /&gt;Kutriyalukaram - the vowel u&lt;br /&gt;Kutriyalikaram - the vowel i&lt;br /&gt;Aiykaarakkurukkam - the &lt;a title="Diphthong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"&gt;diphthong&lt;/a&gt; ai&lt;br /&gt;Oukaarakkurukkam - the diphthong au&lt;br /&gt;Aaythakkurukkam - the special character akh (aaytham)&lt;br /&gt;Makarakkurukkam - the phoneme m&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Grammar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=14"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Grammar" name="Grammar"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grammar&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Tamil grammar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_grammar"&gt;Tamil grammar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="An excerpt from Tolkaappiyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TolkaappiyamExcerpt.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TolkaappiyamExcerpt.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;An excerpt from &lt;a title="Tolkaappiyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkaappiyam"&gt;Tolkaappiyam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Much of Tamil &lt;a title="Grammar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"&gt;grammar&lt;/a&gt; is extensively described in the oldest available grammar book for Tamil, the &lt;a title="Tolkāppiyam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TolkÄppiyam"&gt;Tolkāppiyam&lt;/a&gt;. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, col, porul, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the last two are mostly applicable in poetry.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, is an &lt;a title="Agglutinative language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language"&gt;agglutinative language&lt;/a&gt;. Tamil words consist of a &lt;a title="Lexeme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexeme"&gt;lexical root&lt;/a&gt; to which one or more &lt;a title="Affix" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix"&gt;affixes&lt;/a&gt; are attached.&lt;br /&gt;Most Tamil affixes are &lt;a title="Suffix" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"&gt;suffixes&lt;/a&gt;. Tamil suffixes can be &lt;a title="Derivation (linguistics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)"&gt;derivational&lt;/a&gt; suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or &lt;a title="Inflection" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection"&gt;inflectional&lt;/a&gt; suffixes, which mark categories such as &lt;a title="Grammatical person" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person"&gt;person&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Grammatical number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number"&gt;number&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Grammatical mood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood"&gt;mood&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Grammatical tense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense"&gt;tense&lt;/a&gt;, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of &lt;a title="Agglutination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination"&gt;agglutination&lt;/a&gt;, which can lead to long words with a large number of suffixes, which would require several words or a sentence in English.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Parts of speech" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=15"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Parts_of_speech" name="Parts_of_speech"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parts of speech&lt;br /&gt;Tamil nouns (and pronouns) are classified into two super-classes (tiṇai) - the "&lt;a title="Rational" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational"&gt;rational&lt;/a&gt;" (uyartiṇai), and the "&lt;a title="Irrational" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational"&gt;irrational&lt;/a&gt;" (aḵṟiṇai) - which include a total of five classes (paal, which literally means 'gender'). &lt;a title="Human" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"&gt;Humans&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Deity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"&gt;deities&lt;/a&gt; are classified as "rational", and all other nouns (&lt;a title="Animal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt;, objects, abstract nouns) are classified as irrational. The "&lt;a title="Rational" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational"&gt;rational&lt;/a&gt;" nouns and pronouns belong to one of three classes (paal) - masculine singular, feminine singular, and rational plural. The "&lt;a title="Irrational" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational"&gt;irrational&lt;/a&gt;" nouns and pronouns belong to one of two classes (paal) - irrational singular and irrational plural. The paal is often indicated through suffixes. The plural form for rational nouns may be used as an &lt;a title="Honorific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"&gt;honorific&lt;/a&gt;, gender-neutral, singular form.&lt;br /&gt;Suffixes are also used to perform the functions of &lt;a title="Case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case"&gt;cases&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="Postposition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition"&gt;postpositions&lt;/a&gt;. Traditional grammars tried to group the various suffixes into 8 cases corresponding to the cases used in &lt;a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt;. These were the &lt;a title="Nominative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case"&gt;nominative&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Accusative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case"&gt;accusative&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Dative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case"&gt;dative&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sociative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociative_case"&gt;sociative&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Genitive case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case"&gt;genitive&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Instrumental case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case"&gt;instrumental&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Locative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case"&gt;locative&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Ablative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case"&gt;ablative&lt;/a&gt;. Modern grammarians, however, argue that this classification is artificial, and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case. (Schiffman, 1999). Tamil nouns can also take one of four &lt;a title="Prefix (linguistics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)"&gt;prefixes&lt;/a&gt;, i, a, u and e which are functionally equivalent to demonstratives in English.&lt;br /&gt;Like Tamil nouns, Tamil &lt;a title="Verb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb"&gt;verbs&lt;/a&gt; are also inflected through the use of suffixes. A typical Tamil verb form will have a number of &lt;a title="Suffix" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"&gt;suffixes&lt;/a&gt;, which show person, number, mood, tense and voice.&lt;br /&gt;Person and number are indicated by &lt;a title="Suffix" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"&gt;suffixing&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a title="Oblique case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_case"&gt;oblique case&lt;/a&gt; of the relevant &lt;a title="Pronoun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun"&gt;pronoun&lt;/a&gt; (ēn in the above example). The suffixes to indicate tenses and voice are formed from &lt;a title="Grammatical particle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle"&gt;grammatical particles&lt;/a&gt;, which are added to the stem.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil has two voices. The first indicates that the subject of the sentence undergoes or is the object of the action named by the verb stem, and the second indicates that the subject of the sentence directs the action referred to by the verb stem.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil has three simple tenses - past, present, and future - indicated by simple suffixes, and a series of perfects, indicated by compound suffixes. Mood is implicit in Tamil, and is normally reflected by the same &lt;a title="Morpheme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"&gt;morphemes&lt;/a&gt; which mark tense categories.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil does not distinguish between &lt;a title="Adjective" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"&gt;adjectives&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Adverb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb"&gt;adverbs&lt;/a&gt; - both fall under the category uriccol.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil has no &lt;a title="Article (grammar)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)"&gt;articles&lt;/a&gt;. Definiteness and indefiniteness are either indicated by special grammatical devices, such as using the number "one" as an indefinite article, or by the context.&lt;br /&gt;In the first person plural, Tamil makes a distinction between &lt;a title="Inclusive we" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_we"&gt;inclusive&lt;/a&gt; pronouns நாம் (nām) (we), namathu (our) that include the addressee and &lt;a title="Exclusive we" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_we"&gt;exclusive&lt;/a&gt; pronouns நாங்கள் (nāṅkaḷ)(we), emathu (our) that do not. The bifurcation of the First Person Plural pronoun (we in English) into inclusive and exclusive versions can also be found in &lt;a title="Inclusive and exclusive we" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we"&gt;a few more languages&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Syntax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=16"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Syntax" name="Syntax"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Syntax&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is a consistent head-final language. The verb comes at the end of the clause, with typical word order &lt;a title="Subject Object Verb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Object_Verb"&gt;Subject Object Verb&lt;/a&gt; (SOV). Tamil has &lt;a title="Postposition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition"&gt;postpositions&lt;/a&gt; rather than &lt;a title="Prepositions" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositions"&gt;prepositions&lt;/a&gt;. Demonstratives and modifiers precede the noun within the noun phrase. Subordinate clauses precede the verb of the matrix clause.&lt;br /&gt;Tamil is a &lt;a title="Null subject language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_subject_language"&gt;null subject language&lt;/a&gt;. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs and objects. It is possible to construct valid sentences that have only a verb - such as muṭintuviṭṭatu ("It is completed") - or only a subject and object, such as atu eṉ vīṭu ("That is my house"). Tamil does not have a &lt;a title="Copula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula"&gt;copula&lt;/a&gt; (a linking verb equivalent to the word is) and the word is included in the translations only to convey the meaning.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Vocabulary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=17"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Vocabulary" name="Vocabulary"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vocabulary&lt;br /&gt;See also: &lt;a title="Wiktionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"&gt;Wiktionary&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Tamil_language" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_language"&gt;list of Tamil words&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Tamil_derivations" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_derivations"&gt;list of words of Tamil origin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern Tamil vocabulary still retains most of the words from classical Tamil. Due to this and because of the emphasis on learning classical works like &lt;a title="Tirukkural" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural"&gt;Tirukkural&lt;/a&gt;, classical Tamil is comprehensible in various degrees to most native speakers of today. However, a number of Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words have been adapted and used commonly in modern Tamil. But, unlike some other Dravidian languages, these words are restricted mainly to spiritual terminology and &lt;a title="Abstract noun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_noun"&gt;abstract nouns&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Besides Sanskrit, there are a few loan words from Persian and Arabic implying trade ties in ancient times. Since around the 20th century, English words have also begun to be used freely in colloquial Tamil. Some modern technical terminology is borrowed from English, though attempts are being made to have a pure Tamil technical terminology. Many individuals, and some institutions like the &lt;a title="Government of Sri Lanka" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka"&gt;Government of Sri Lanka&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="new" title="Tamil Virtual University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Virtual_University&amp;action=edit"&gt;Tamil Virtual University&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Annamalai University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalai_University"&gt;Annamalai University&lt;/a&gt; have generated technical dictionaries for Tamil. During the colonial period many &lt;a title="List of loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loan_words_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil"&gt;loan words from Portuguese and Dutch&lt;/a&gt; were introduced into colloquial as well as written Tamil.&lt;br /&gt;There are also many instances of words of Tamil loan words in other languages. Popular &lt;a title="Words of Tamil origin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_Tamil_origin"&gt;examples in English&lt;/a&gt; are cheroot (churuttu meaning "rolled up"), mango, mulligatawny (from milagu thanni meaning pepper water) and catamaran (from kattu maram, கட்டு மரம், meaning "bundled logs"). Tamil has also contributed many &lt;a title="List of Tamil words in Sinhala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tamil_words_in_Sinhala"&gt;loan words to Sinhala&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="List of Malay words of Tamil origin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malay_words_of_Tamil_origin"&gt;Malay&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="List of borrowed words in Indonesian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_borrowed_words_in_Indonesian"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; amongst other South and Southeast Asian languages.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Examples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=18"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Examples" name="Examples"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Examples&lt;br /&gt;A sample passage in Tamil script with a &lt;a title="Romanisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation"&gt;Romanised transcription&lt;/a&gt;:ஆசிரியர் வகுப்பறையுள் நுழைந்தார்.&lt;br /&gt;அவர் உள்ளே நுழைந்தவுடன் மாணவர்கள் எழுந்தனர்.&lt;br /&gt;வளவன் மட்டும் தன் அருகில் நின்றுகொண்டிருந்த மாணவி கனிமொழியுடன் பேசிக் கொண்டிருந்தான்.&lt;br /&gt;நான் அவனை எச்சரித்தேன்.&lt;br /&gt;aasiriyar vakuppaRaiyuL nuzhainthaar.&lt;br /&gt;avar uLLE nuzhainthavudan maaNavarkaL ezhunthanar.&lt;br /&gt;vaLavan mattum than arukil ninRu kondiruntha maaNavi kanimozhiyudan pEsik kondirunthaan.&lt;br /&gt;naan avanai echarithEn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt; translation of the passage given above:The teacher entered the classroom.&lt;br /&gt;As soon as he entered, the students got up.&lt;br /&gt;Only Valavan was talking to Kanimozhi who was standing next to him.&lt;br /&gt;I warned him.&lt;br /&gt;Notes:&lt;br /&gt;Tamil does not have &lt;a title="Article (grammar)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)"&gt;articles&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a title="Definite article" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_article"&gt;definite article&lt;/a&gt; used above is merely an &lt;a class="extiw" title="wikt:artefact" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artefact"&gt;artefact&lt;/a&gt; of translation.&lt;br /&gt;To understand why Valavan would want to be warned, it is necessary to comprehend Asian social etiquette. It is considered impolite to be distracted when a person of eminence (the teacher in this case) makes an entry and the teacher may feel insulted or slighted.&lt;br /&gt;Word (&lt;a title="Romanisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation"&gt;romanised&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Translation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"&gt;Translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Morpheme" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"&gt;Morphemes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Part of speech" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech"&gt;Part of speech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Person (grammar)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(grammar)"&gt;Person&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Gender" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"&gt;Gender&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Grammatical tense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense"&gt;Tense&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of grammatical cases" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases"&gt;Case&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Grammatical number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number"&gt;Number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remarks&lt;br /&gt;aasiriyar&lt;br /&gt;Teacher&lt;br /&gt;aasiriyar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Noun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun"&gt;noun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="N/a" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N/a"&gt;n/a&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Gender-neutral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-neutral"&gt;gender-neutral&lt;/a&gt;, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Nominative&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Honorific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"&gt;honorific&lt;/a&gt; plural indicated by &lt;a title="Suffix" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"&gt;suffix&lt;/a&gt; ar&lt;br /&gt;The feminine gender aasiriyai can be used here too; the masculine gender aasiriyan is rarely used, considering the honored position of the teacher&lt;br /&gt;vakuppaRaiyuL&lt;br /&gt;inside the class room&lt;br /&gt;vakuppu+aRai&lt;br /&gt;+uL&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Adverb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb"&gt;adverb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;Locative&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Sandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"&gt;Sandhi&lt;/a&gt; (called puṇarci in Tamil) rules in Tamil require euphonic changes during &lt;a title="Agglutination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination"&gt;agglutination&lt;/a&gt; (such as the introduction of y in this case)&lt;br /&gt;nuzhainthaar&lt;br /&gt;entered&lt;br /&gt;nuzhainthaar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Verb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb"&gt;verb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Third person" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person"&gt;third&lt;/a&gt;, gender-neutral, &lt;a title="Past tense" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense"&gt;past&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;honorific plural&lt;br /&gt;In an honorific context, the masculine and feminine equivalents nuzhainthaan and nuzhainthaaL are replaced by the collective nuzhainthaar&lt;br /&gt;avar&lt;br /&gt;He&lt;br /&gt;avar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Pronoun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun"&gt;pronoun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;third, gender-neutral, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Nominative&lt;br /&gt;honorific plural indicated by suffix ar&lt;br /&gt;In honorific contexts, the masculine and feminine forms avan and avaL are not used&lt;br /&gt;uLLE&lt;br /&gt;inside&lt;br /&gt;uLLE&lt;br /&gt;adverb&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;nuzhainthavudan&lt;br /&gt;upon entering&lt;br /&gt;nuzhaintha +udan&lt;br /&gt;adverb&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Sandhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi"&gt;Sandhi&lt;/a&gt; rules require a v to be inserted between an end-vowel and a beginning-u during &lt;a title="Agglutination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination"&gt;agglutination&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;maaNavarkaL&lt;br /&gt;students&lt;br /&gt;maaNavarkaL&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Collective noun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_noun"&gt;collective noun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;n/a, &lt;a title="Masculine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine"&gt;masculine&lt;/a&gt;, often used with gender-neutral connotation, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Nominative&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Plural" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural"&gt;plural&lt;/a&gt; indicated by suffix kaL&lt;br /&gt;ezhunthanar&lt;br /&gt;got up&lt;br /&gt;ezhunthanar&lt;br /&gt;verb&lt;br /&gt;third, gender-neutral, past&lt;br /&gt;plural&lt;br /&gt;VaLavan&lt;br /&gt;VaLavan (name)&lt;br /&gt;VaLavan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Proper noun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun"&gt;Proper noun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;n/a, masculine, usually indicated by suffix an, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Nominative&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Singular" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular"&gt;singular&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;mattum&lt;br /&gt;only&lt;br /&gt;mattum&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Adjective" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"&gt;adjective&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;than&lt;br /&gt;his (self) own&lt;br /&gt;than&lt;br /&gt;pronoun&lt;br /&gt;n/a, gender-neutral, n/a&lt;br /&gt;singular&lt;br /&gt;arukil&lt;br /&gt;near (lit. "in nearness")&lt;br /&gt;aruku + il&lt;br /&gt;adverb&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;Locative&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Postposition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition"&gt;postposition&lt;/a&gt; il indicates the &lt;a title="Locative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case"&gt;locative case&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ninRu kondiruntha&lt;br /&gt;standing&lt;br /&gt;ninRu + kondu + iruntha&lt;br /&gt;adverb&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;the verb has been morphed into an adverb by the incompleteness due to the terminal a&lt;br /&gt;maaNavi&lt;br /&gt;student&lt;br /&gt;maaNavi&lt;br /&gt;pronoun&lt;br /&gt;n/a, &lt;a title="Feminine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine"&gt;feminine&lt;/a&gt;, n/a&lt;br /&gt;singular&lt;br /&gt;kanimozhiyudan&lt;br /&gt;with Kanimozhi (name of a person)&lt;br /&gt;kanimozhi + udan&lt;br /&gt;adverb&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;Comitative&lt;br /&gt;n/a&lt;br /&gt;the name Kanimozhi literally means sweet language&lt;br /&gt;pEsik kondirunthaan&lt;br /&gt;was talking&lt;br /&gt;pEsi + kondu +irunthaan&lt;br /&gt;verb&lt;br /&gt;third, masculine, past continuous&lt;br /&gt;singular&lt;br /&gt;continuousness indicated by the incompleteness brought by kondu&lt;br /&gt;naan&lt;br /&gt;I&lt;br /&gt;naan&lt;br /&gt;pronoun&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="First person" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person"&gt;first person&lt;/a&gt;, gender-neutral, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Nominative&lt;br /&gt;singular&lt;br /&gt;avanai&lt;br /&gt;him&lt;br /&gt;avanai&lt;br /&gt;pronoun&lt;br /&gt;third, masculine, n/a&lt;br /&gt;Accusative&lt;br /&gt;singular&lt;br /&gt;the &lt;a title="Postposition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition"&gt;postposition&lt;/a&gt; ai indicates &lt;a title="Accusative case" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case"&gt;accusative case&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;echarithEn&lt;br /&gt;cautioned&lt;br /&gt;echarithEn&lt;br /&gt;verb&lt;br /&gt;first, indicated by suffix En, gender-neutral, past&lt;br /&gt;singular, plural would be indicated by substituting En with Om&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=19"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="See_also" name="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See also&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Languages of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India"&gt;Languages of India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of national languages of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_languages_of_India"&gt;List of national languages of India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of Indian languages by total speakers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_languages_by_total_speakers"&gt;List of Indian languages by total speakers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Arwi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwi"&gt;Arwi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=20"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="References" name="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Modern works" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=21"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Modern_works" name="Modern_works"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern works&lt;br /&gt;Kāṅkēyar (1840). Uriccol nikaṇṭurai. Putuvai, Kuveṟaṉmā Accukkūṭam.&lt;br /&gt;Lehmann, Thomas (1989). A Grammar of Modern Tamil. Pondicherry, Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture.&lt;br /&gt;Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=0674012275"&gt;ISBN 0-674-01227-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Natarajan, T. (1977), The language of Sangam literature and Tolkāppiyam. Madurai, Madurai Publishing House.&lt;br /&gt;Hart, George L. (1975), The poems of ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts. University of California Press, Berkeley. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;amp;isbn=0520026721"&gt;ISBN 0-520-02672-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Pope, GU (1862). First catechism of Tamil grammar: Ilakkaṇa viṉaviṭai - mutaṟputtakam. Madras, Public Instruction Press.&lt;br /&gt;Pope, GU (1868). A Tamil hand-book, or, Full introduction to the common dialect of that language. (3rd ed.). Madras, Higginbotham &amp; Co.&lt;br /&gt;Rajam, VS (1992). A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry. Philadelphia, The American Philosophical Society. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;amp;isbn=087169199X"&gt;ISBN 0-87169-199-X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Schiffman, Harold F. (1998). "Standardization or restandardization: The case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil". Language in Society 27, 359–385.&lt;br /&gt;Schiffman, Harold F. (1999). A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=0521640741"&gt;ISBN 0-521-64074-1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Asher, Ron and E. Annamalai (2002) Colloquial Tamil: The Complete Course for Beginners Routledge. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;amp;isbn=0415187885"&gt;ISBN 0-415-18788-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Ancient works" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=22"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Ancient_works" name="Ancient_works"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ancient works&lt;br /&gt;Pavaṇanti Muṉivar, Naṉṉūl Mūlamum Viruttiyuraiyum, (A. Tāmōtaraṉ; ed., 1999), International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai.&lt;br /&gt;Pavaṇanti, Naṉṉūl mūlamum Kūḻaṅkaittampirāṉ uraiyum (A. Tāmōtaraṉ ed., 1980). Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag.&lt;br /&gt;Taṇṭiyāciriyar, Taṇṭiyāciriyar iyaṟṟiya taṇṭiyalaṅkāram: Cuppiramaṇiya Tēcikar uraiyuṭaṉ. (Ku. Mutturācaṉ ed., 1994). Tarmapuri, Vacanta Celvi Patippakam.&lt;br /&gt;Tolkāppiyar, Tolkāppiyam Iḷampūraṇar uraiyuṭaṉ (1967 reprint). Ceṉṉai, TTSS.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Footnotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=23"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Footnotes" name="Footnotes"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Footnotes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_ref-Hart_statement_0"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external text" title="http://tamil.berkeley.edu/Tamil%20Chair/TamilClassicalLanguage/TamilClassicalLgeLtr.html" href="http://tamil.berkeley.edu/Tamil%20Chair/TamilClassicalLanguage/TamilClassicalLgeLtr.html"&gt;Statement by George L. Hart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_ref-Kalam_speech_0"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Item 41 of President Kalam's &lt;a class="external text" title="http://presidentofindia.nic.in/scripts/eventslatest1.jsp?id=" href="http://presidentofindia.nic.in/scripts/eventslatest1.jsp?id=587"&gt;address to a joint sitting of both houses of Indian Parliament&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_ref-BBC_news_0"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="BBC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; news item on the &lt;a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm"&gt;formal approval by the Indian Cabinet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language#_ref-TNgovt_0"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="new" title="Tamil as a classic language: Report to Central Government by Tamil Nadu Government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_as_a_classic_language:_Report_to_Central_Government_by_Tamil_Nadu_Government&amp;action=edit"&gt;the report&lt;/a&gt; submitted by Tamil Nadu State Government to Central Government of India to claim the Classic Language status.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=24"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="External_links" name="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;External links&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="image" title="Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikipedia-logo.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" title="ta:" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/"&gt;Tamil language edition&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a title="Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the free encyclopedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="image" title="Wikibooks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" title="wikibooks:" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/"&gt;Wikibooks&lt;/a&gt; has more about this subject:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Tamil" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tamil"&gt;Tamil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="image" title=" " href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Wikimedia Commons" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt; has media related to:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="extiw" title="commons:Tamil_language" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"&gt;Tamil language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: General" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=25"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="General" name="General"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;General&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=tam"&gt;Ethnologue report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm"&gt;Omniglot resource&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/dravidian/asia/tcv/view?searchterm=" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/dravidian/asia/tcv/view?searchterm=tamil"&gt;Rosetta Project Archive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.language-museum.com/t/tamil.htm" href="http://www.language-museum.com/t/tamil.htm"&gt;Language Museum report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/proft02.htm" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/proft02.htm"&gt;UCLA Tamil Profile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/tamil7.html" href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/tamil7.html"&gt;A brief review of its history and characteristics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.infitt.org" href="http://www.infitt.org/"&gt;International Forum for Information Technology in Tamil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/" href="http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/"&gt;Tamil Language &amp;amp; Literature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~tamils" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~tamils"&gt;Tamil Studies Conference 2006: Tropes, Territories and Competing Realities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4413202459678535244&amp;q=tamil" q="tamil"&gt;Google Current on Tamil as a search query&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.tamil247.com" href="http://www.tamil247.com/"&gt;247 letters and 24x7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Online learning resources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=26"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Online_learning_resources" name="Online_learning_resources"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Online learning resources&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu/tamilonline/" href="http://lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu/tamilonline/"&gt;Tamil Language In Context&lt;/a&gt; - A project providing online Tamil lessons, including video lessons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.learntamil.com/" href="http://www.learntamil.com/"&gt;Learn Tamil Through English&lt;/a&gt; - Lessons for learning Tamil in &lt;a title="PDF" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt; format.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.unc.edu/~echeran/paadanool/" href="http://www.unc.edu/~echeran/paadanool/"&gt;Thamil Paadanool - Learn Tamil&lt;/a&gt; - A textbook for learning Tamil available both online and in PDF format.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/"&gt;Web Assisted Learning and Teaching of Tamil&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a title="University of Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"&gt;University of Pennsylvania&lt;/a&gt;'s web based lessons for learning Tamil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm"&gt;Tamil alphabet, pronunciation and language&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a title="Omniglot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniglot"&gt;Omniglot&lt;/a&gt;'s Tamil page.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.languageshome.com/English-Tamil.htm" href="http://www.languageshome.com/English-Tamil.htm"&gt;Languageshome&lt;/a&gt; - Useful Tamil phrases in English and other Indian languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.ukindia.com/zip/ztm1.htm" href="http://www.ukindia.com/zip/ztm1.htm"&gt;Learn to Read Tamil&lt;/a&gt; - Simple lessons for learning to read the Tamil alphabet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116125173351362826?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116125173351362826/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116125173351362826' title='23 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116125173351362826'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116125173351362826'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_19.html' title='തമിഴ്'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>23</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116123587372234662</id><published>2006-10-18T22:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-19T00:51:47.626-07:00</updated><title type='text'>പരിഭാഷ വിക്കി -ചില ചിന്തകള്‍</title><content type='html'>പരിഭാഷ വിക്കിയുടെ രണ്ടാമത്തെ ലേഖനവും അങ്ങനെ വിജയകരമായി പൂര്‍ത്തികരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ഈ സംരഭത്തില്‍ ലാഭേഛയില്ലാതെ പങ്കാളികള്‍ ആയ എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും ഞങ്ങളൂടെ നന്ദി. മൂന്നാമത്തെ ലേഖനം ഇടുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് ചില ചിന്തകള്‍ പങ്കു വെയ്ക്കട്ടെ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ബൂലോഗത്തില്‍ നിന്നു കൂടുതല്‍ ആളുകളെ മലയാളം വിക്കിപീഡിയയില്‍ എത്തിക്കുക എന്ന ഒരു ഉദ്ദേശത്തോടെ ആണല്ലോ ഈ സംരംഭം തുടങ്ങിയത്. മാത്രമല്ല കുറച്ച് ആധികാരികമായ ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ മലയാളം വിക്കിപീഡിയയില്‍ ഉള്‍പ്പെടുത്തുക എന്ന ഒരു ഉദ്ദേശവും അതിനുണ്ട്. ‍ പക്ഷെ ഈ സംരം‍ഭത്തില്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ ശ്രീജിത്ത്, ദില്‍ബു, ആദിത്യന്‍, ഷിജു എന്നിവര്‍ മാത്രമേ ആക്ടീവ് ആയി പങ്കെടുക്കുന്നുള്ളൂ. പാപ്പാന്‍ ചേട്ടന്‍ മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ടു വന്ന് ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ വായിച്ച് അക്ഷരതെറ്റൊക്കെ തിരുത്തി ഭാഷാ ശുദ്ധിവരുത്തി തന്ന് സഹായിക്കുന്നു. പുള്ളിയെ പോലെ ഉള്ള ചിലര്‍ വന്നും പോയും ഇരിക്കുന്നു. ഇഞ്ചിപെണ്ണ്, വല്യമ്മായി, പൊന്നപ്പന്‍, പെരിങ്ങോടന്‍ എന്നിവരെ പോലുള്ളവര്‍ ശക്തമായ പിന്തുണ വാഗ്ദാനം ചെയ്തു മുങ്ങുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഒരു കാര്യം പ്രത്യേകം പറയട്ടെ ഇന്നലെ ശ്രീജിത്ത് ഒരു കമെന്റില്‍ പറഞ്ഞതു പോലെ &lt;strong&gt;“&lt;em&gt;പക്ഷെ ഇവിടെ പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ ആത്മാര്‍ത്ഥമായി ശ്രമിക്കുന്നവര്‍ ഷിജു, ആദിത്യന്‍, ദില്‍ബന്‍, ഞാന്‍ തുടങ്ങിയ വിരലിലെണ്ണാവുന്നവര്‍ മാത്രമാണ്. ഇവരെല്ലാവരും പലവിധ ജോലിയുള്ളവരും വളരെയധികം തിരക്കുള്ളവരും ആണെന്ന് പ്രത്യേകം പറയേണ്ടല്ലോ. മാത്രമല്ല, ഇവര്‍ക്ക് ഈ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യുന്നതിനു പുറമേ സ്വന്തം ബ്ലോഗുകളില്‍ എഴുതുക, പരിഭാഷ ബ്ലോഗില്‍ വരാത്ത വിഷയങ്ങളും വിക്കിയില്‍ എഴുതുക എന്നതും ഇല്ലാത്ത സമയമുണ്ടാക്കി ചെയ്യേണ്ടി വരുന്നു ഇപ്പോള്‍.“&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അതെ ഞങ്ങളെല്ലാവരും ഇല്ലാത്ത സമയം ഉണ്ടാക്കിയാണ് ഇതു ചെയ്യുന്നത്.  മാത്രമല്ല ഞങ്ങളാരും പരിഭാഷയിലോ മലയാളം/ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ഭാഷകളിലോ അഗ്രഗണ്യരായതു കൊണ്ടല്ല ഇതു ചെയ്യുന്നത്. കഴിവും അറിവുമുള്ളവര്‍ പുറത്തുകൈയ്യുകെട്ടി നില്‍ക്കുമ്പോള്‍ കുറച്ചു വിഢ്ഢിപ്പയ്യന്മാര്‍ മലയാളവിക്കിക്ക് തങ്ങളാലാവുന്ന ചെറിയ സഹായങ്ങള്‍ നല്‍കുന്നു എന്നു കരുതിയാല്‍ മതി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; അതുകൊണ്ട് കുറച്ചുപേര്‍ കൂടി സഹകരിച്ചാല്‍ ഞങ്ങളുടെ മേലുള്ള ഭാരം കുറയും. അണ്ണാറക്കണ്ണനും തന്നാലായത് എന്നു പറയുന്നതു പോലെ ഒരു പാരഗ്രാഫ് വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്തു തന്ന് സഹായിച്ചാലും അത് നന്നായിരിക്കും. വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്യുന്നത് ഇവിടെ കന്മെറ്റ് ആയി ഇട്ടാല്‍ മതി. ഞങ്ങള്‍ ആരെങ്കിലും അത് വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇടാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അതേപോലെ മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ നേരിട്ട് പോയി ലേഖനം വായിച്ച് തെറ്റൊക്കെ തിരുത്തി തന്ന് സഹായിക്കാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;റെഫറന്‍സുകളും ചിത്രങ്ങളും ലേഖനത്തില്‍ കൂട്ടി ചേര്‍ക്കാന്‍ സഹായിക്കാം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പതിവു പോലെ ഇക്കാര്യത്തിലും &lt;strong&gt;വനിതാ പ്രാധിനിധ്യം പൂജ്യമാണ്&lt;/strong&gt;. അല്ലാ &lt;strong&gt;വിവാഹിതര്‍ പ്രാധിനിധ്യവും പൂജ്യമാണല്ലോ&lt;/strong&gt;. ശ്രീജിത്തേ ഈ പരിഭാഷ വിക്കി ബാച്ചിലേര്‍സ് ക്ലബ്ബ് ആണോ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കഴിഞ്ഞ പോസ്റ്റിന്റെ കമെന്റില്‍ -സുനില്‍- അഭിപ്രായപ്പെട്ടു &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;“ സുനില്‍- said...&lt;br /&gt;പരിഭാഷകരേ, ഒരു ചെറിയ അഭിപ്രായം. ക്ലിക്കേരളം (www.clickkeralam.com)എന്ന സൈറ്റില്‍ ഹൈസ്കൂള്‍ കുട്ടികളുടെ എല്ലാ സബ്ജക്റ്റുകളുടേയും പാഠപുസ്തകങ്ങള്‍ ഡൌണ്‍ലോഡ് ചെയ്യാന്‍ കിട്ടും. അപ്പോ അവര്‍ പഠിക്കുന്നതെന്താണ് എന്ന് അറിയാന്‍ പറ്റും. അതിനനുസരിച്ചുള്ള വിഷയങ്ങള്‍ തെരഞെടുത്ത് പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തിയാല്‍ അവര്‍ക്കൊരു ഉപകാരമാവില്ലേ? പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും അവര്‍ക്കിപ്പോള്‍ വിഷയങ്ങളെപ്പറ്റി ധാരാളം റഫര്‍ ചെയ്യേണ്ടി വരുമ്പോള്‍ (പുതിയ സിലബസ്സനുസരിച്ച്‌ എക്സ്റ്റ്രാ റീഡിങ് ധാരാളം വേണം). ഇനി അത്‌ നിങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്‌ ഡൌണ്‍ലോഡ് ചെയ്യാന്‍ പറ്റിയില്ലെങ്കില്‍ ഞാന്‍ ഹെല്പ്‌വിക്കി ഗൂഗിള്‍ ഗ്രൂപ്പിലേക്ക്‌ മെയിലയച്ചുതരാം.&lt;br /&gt;ഇങ്ങനെ റാന്റം ആയി ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ തെരെഞെടുക്കുന്നതിനെതിരാണ് എന്നു വിചാരിക്കരുത്‌. ഒന്നുമില്ലെങ്കില്‍ അതെങ്കിലുമുണ്ടല്ലോ.-സു-“&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;റാന്‍ഡം ആയി ലേഖനം തിരെഞ്ഞെടുക്കുന്നതിന്റെ പ്രശ്നം രണ്ടെണ്ണം പരിഭാഷ പ്പെടുത്തിയപ്പോഴേക്കും ഞങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് മനസ്സിലായി. അതിനാല്‍ ഇനി മുതല്‍ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയിലെ ഫീച്ചേറ്ഡ് വിഭാഗത്തിലെ&lt;/a&gt; ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ എടുക്കാം എന്നൊരു ആലോചന ഉണ്ട്. ഫീച്ചേര്‍ഡ് ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ ഓരോന്നും പരിപൂര്‍ണ്ണവും, ആധികാരികവും, എല്ലാ റെഫറന്‍സുകളും ഉള്ളതാണ്. മാത്രമല്ല വിവിധ വിഷയങ്ങളില്‍ ഉള്ള ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ ഈ വിഭാഗത്തില്‍ ഉണ്ട്. ഈ ‍ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ എല്ലാം പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തി മലയാളം വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇട്ടാല്‍ അത് ഓരോന്നും ഓരോ ആധികാരിക ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ ആയിരിക്കും. എന്താണ് നിങ്ങളുടെ ഒക്കെ അഭിപ്രായം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അതിനു തുടക്കമെന്ന നിലയില്‍ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"&gt;തമിഴ് ഭാഷയെ കുറിച്ച് വന്ന ഈ ലേഖനം &lt;/a&gt;അടുത്ത പരിഭാഷയ്ക്ക് എടുക്കാന്‍ ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്നു. ഈ ലേഖനം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍ ഒരു പ്രാവശ്യം ഫീച്ചേര്‍ഡ് വിഭാഗത്തില്‍ വന്നതാണ്. ഈ ലേഖനം അടുത്ത ലേഖനമായി പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതിനെ കുറിച്ച് എന്താണ് നിങ്ങളുടെയൊക്കെ അഭിപ്രായം. ഉപദേശങ്ങളും നിര്‍ദ്ദേശങ്ങളും ഒക്കെ സ്വാഗതം ചെയ്യുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;മന്‍ജിത്ത് പറഞ്ഞതു പോലെ “ പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുമ്പോള്‍ ലേഖനത്തിലുള്ളവയെല്ലാം പദനുപദം വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്യണമെന്നില്ല. തികച്ചും അപ്രസക്തമായ കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഒഴിവാക്കാമെന്നു തോന്നുന്നു“. ഇത് പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുന്നവര്‍ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുക. പദാനുപദ വിവര്‍ത്തനം ചെയ്യാതെ നല്ല അര്‍ത്ഥമുള്ള വാചകങ്ങള്‍ ഉണ്ടാക്കുക. ബ്ലോഗ്ഗുകളില്‍ ഒക്കെ വെടിക്കെട്ട് സാധനങ്ങള്‍ ഇടുന്ന ബൂലോഗത്തിലെ പുലികള്‍ക്കൊന്നും അതിനു ഒരു വിഷമവും ഇല്ലല്ലോ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ചില ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വാക്കുകളുടെ മലയാള അര്‍ഥം അറിയില്ലെങ്കില്‍ അതിനു നിങ്ങളെ സഹായിക്കാന്‍ ഒരു &lt;a href="http://sreejithk2000.googlepages.com/Malayalam_dict.zip"&gt;ഇംഗ്ലിഷ്-മലയാളം നിഘണ്ടു സോഫ്റ്റ് വെയര്‍ &lt;/a&gt;ശ്രീജിത്ത് ഈ ലിങ്കിലേക്ക് അപ്‌ലോഡ് ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ട്. ആവശ്യമുള്ളവര്‍ അത് ഡൌണ്‍ലോഡ് ചെയ്ത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഉപദേശങ്ങളും നിര്‍ദേശങ്ങളും തന്നും പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തി സഹായിച്ചും എല്ലാവരും ഈ സംരംഭത്തീല്‍ പങ്കാളികളാവുക. ഇത് നമ്മള്‍ മലയാളത്തിനു വേണ്ടിയും ഭാവി മലയാളികള്‍ക്ക് വേണ്ടിയും ഒരു സേവനമായി കരുതി എല്ലാവരും സഹായിക്കുക.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഒരു കാര്യം അനുബന്ധം ആയി പറയട്ടെ ഈ പരിഭാഷ പരിപാടി തുടങ്ങിയതില്‍ പിന്നെ വിവരം വയ്ക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തേണ്ടത് കൊണ്ട് ലേഖനം ശ്രദ്ധിച്ച് വായിക്കും. അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ ഇതൊക്കെ എന്തെങ്കിലും ആവശ്യം വന്നാല്‍ മാത്രം വേണ്ട ഭാഗം മാത്രം വായിച്ചു പോവുകയേ ഉള്ളായിരുന്നു. ഇപ്പോള്‍ ആ വിഷയത്തെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ മൊത്തം പഠിക്കാന്‍ പറ്റുന്നു.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116123587372234662?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116123587372234662/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116123587372234662' title='7 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116123587372234662'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116123587372234662'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_116123587372234662.html' title='പരിഭാഷ വിക്കി -ചില ചിന്തകള്‍'/><author><name>ഷിജു അലക്സ്‌‌: :Shiju Alex</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='25' src='http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170938main_image_feature_773_ys_full.jpg'/></author><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116098192523217697</id><published>2006-10-15T23:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-17T16:25:40.680-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ബ്ലോഗ്</title><content type='html'>പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്തെടുക്കാനുള്ള അടുത്ത ലേഖനം ബ്ലോഗിനെക്കുറിച്ച് തന്നെയാകട്ടെ. ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയിലേക്കുള്ള ലിങ്ക് &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" target="blank"&gt;ഇതാ&lt;/a&gt;. ഈ ലേഖനം &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D#2001_.E2.80.93_2004" target="blank"&gt;ഈ മലയാളം പേജിലേക്കാണ്&lt;/a&gt; ചേര്‍ക്കേണ്ടത്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്തെടുക്കുമ്പോള്‍ ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍, കൊളുത്തുകള്‍, അനുബന്ധങ്ങള്‍ എന്നിവ നഷ്ടപ്പെടാന്‍ സാധ്യത ഉള്ളതിനാല്‍, ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിയില്‍ പോയി, പേജിന്റെ വിക്കി ഭാഷയിലുള്ള ലേഖനം എടുത്ത് പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്താന്‍ താല്‍പ്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;History&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a title="Chronicle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"&gt;Chronicles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Commonplace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonplace"&gt;commonplaces&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Personal journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_journal"&gt;diaries&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Perzine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzine"&gt;perzines&lt;/a&gt; can all be seen as predecessors of blogs.&lt;br /&gt;Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including &lt;a title="Usenet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"&gt;Usenet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Electronic mailing list" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list"&gt;e-mail lists&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Bulletin board system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system"&gt;bulletin board systems&lt;/a&gt; (BBS). In the 1990s, &lt;a title="Internet forum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum"&gt;Internet forum&lt;/a&gt; software, such as &lt;a title="WebEx" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebEx"&gt;WebEx&lt;/a&gt;, created running conversations with "threads". Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical "corkboard".&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: 1994 – 2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="1994_.E2.80.93_2001"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1994 – 2001&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Online diary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary"&gt;Online diary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Brad Fitzpatrick, an early blogger." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brad_Fitzpatrick.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brad_Fitzpatrick.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="Brad Fitzpatrick" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Fitzpatrick"&gt;Brad Fitzpatrick&lt;/a&gt;, an early blogger.&lt;br /&gt;The modern blog evolved from the &lt;a title="Online diary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary"&gt;online diary&lt;/a&gt; where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, &lt;a title="Journalist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"&gt;journalists&lt;/a&gt;, or journalers. A few called themselves &lt;a title="Escribitionist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escribitionist"&gt;escribitionists&lt;/a&gt;. The Open Pages &lt;a title="Webring" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webring"&gt;webring&lt;/a&gt; included members of the online-journal community. &lt;a title="Justin Hall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hall"&gt;Justin Hall&lt;/a&gt;, who began eleven years of personal blogging in 1994 while a student at &lt;a title="Swarthmore College" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"&gt;Swarthmore College&lt;/a&gt;, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-0"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other forms of journals kept online also existed. A notable example was game programmer &lt;a title="John Carmack" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carmack"&gt;John Carmack's&lt;/a&gt; widely read journal, published via the &lt;a title="Finger protocol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_protocol"&gt;finger protocol&lt;/a&gt;. Websites, including both corporate sites and &lt;a title="Personal homepage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_homepage"&gt;personal homepages&lt;/a&gt;, had and still often have "What's New" or "News" sections, often on the &lt;a title="Home page" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page"&gt;index page&lt;/a&gt; and sorted by date. One example of a news based "weblog" is the &lt;a class="external text" title="http://drudgereport.com/" href="http://drudgereport.com/"&gt;"Drudge Report"&lt;/a&gt; founded by the self styled maverick reporter &lt;a title="Matt Drudge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Drudge"&gt;Matt Drudge&lt;/a&gt;, though apparently Drudge dislikes this classification. One noteworthy early precursor to a blog was the &lt;a title="Tongue-in-cheek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek"&gt;tongue-in-cheek&lt;/a&gt; personal website that was frequently updated by &lt;a title="Usenet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"&gt;Usenet&lt;/a&gt; legend &lt;a title="Kibo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibo"&gt;Kibo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Early weblogs were simply manually updated components of common &lt;a title="Website" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"&gt;websites&lt;/a&gt;. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in said chronological fashion made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated &lt;a title="Blog hosting service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_hosting_service"&gt;blog hosting services&lt;/a&gt;, or they can be run using &lt;a title="Blog software" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_software"&gt;blog software&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a title="WordPress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress"&gt;WordPress&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Blogger (service)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)"&gt;blogger&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="LiveJournal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal"&gt;LiveJournal&lt;/a&gt;, or on regular &lt;a title="Web hosting service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service"&gt;web hosting services&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a title="DreamHost" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamHost"&gt;DreamHost&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;The term "weblog" was coined by &lt;a title="Jorn Barger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorn_Barger"&gt;Jorn Barger&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a title="December 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_17"&gt;17 December&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="1997" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"&gt;1997&lt;/a&gt;. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May of 1999.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-1"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-2"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-3"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; This was quickly adopted as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog").&lt;br /&gt;After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity: the site &lt;a title="Xanga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanga"&gt;Xanga&lt;/a&gt;, launched in 1996, had only 100 diaries by 1997, but over 20 million as of December 2005. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Open Diary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Diary"&gt;Open Diary&lt;/a&gt; launched in October 1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Brad Fitzpatrick" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Fitzpatrick"&gt;Brad Fitzpatrick&lt;/a&gt; started &lt;a title="LiveJournal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal"&gt;LiveJournal&lt;/a&gt; in March 1999.&lt;br /&gt;Andrew Smales created &lt;a class="new" title="Pitas.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitas.com&amp;action=edit"&gt;Pitas.com&lt;/a&gt; in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a website, followed by &lt;a class="new" title="Diaryland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaryland&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;Diaryland&lt;/a&gt; in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-4"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Evan Williams (blogger)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_(blogger)"&gt;Evan Williams&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Meg Hourihan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Hourihan"&gt;Meg Hourihan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Pyra Labs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs"&gt;Pyra Labs&lt;/a&gt;) launched &lt;a title="Blogger.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger.com"&gt;blogger.com&lt;/a&gt; in August 1999 (purchased by &lt;a title="Google" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt; in February 2003)&lt;br /&gt;Blogging combined the personal web page with tools to make linking to other pages easier — specifically &lt;a title="Permalink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalink"&gt;permalinks&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Blogroll" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogroll"&gt;blogrolls&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="TrackBack" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrackBack"&gt;TrackBacks&lt;/a&gt;. This, together with &lt;a title="List of search engines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#blog_search_engines"&gt;weblog search engines&lt;/a&gt; enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: 2001 – 2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="2001_.E2.80.93_2004"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2001 – 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Several broadly popular American blogs emerged in 2001: &lt;a title="Andrew Sullivan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan"&gt;Andrew Sullivan&lt;/a&gt;'s AndrewSullivan.com, &lt;a title="Ron Gunzburger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gunzburger"&gt;Ron Gunzburger&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a title="Politics1.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics1.com"&gt;Politics1.com&lt;/a&gt;, Taegan Goddard's &lt;a title="Political Wire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Wire"&gt;Political Wire&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Jerome Armstrong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Armstrong"&gt;Jerome Armstrong&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a title="MyDD" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyDD"&gt;MyDD&lt;/a&gt; — all blogging primarily on &lt;a title="Political blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog"&gt;politics&lt;/a&gt; (two earlier popular American political blogs were Bob Somerby's &lt;a title="Daily Howler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Howler"&gt;Daily Howler&lt;/a&gt; launched in 1998 and &lt;a title="Mickey Kaus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Kaus"&gt;Mickey Kaus&lt;/a&gt;' Kausfiles launched in 1999).&lt;br /&gt;By 2001, blogging was enough of a phenomenon that how-to manuals began to appear, primarily focusing on technique. The importance of the blogging community (and its relationship to larger society) increased rapidly. Established schools of &lt;a title="Journalism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"&gt;journalism&lt;/a&gt; began researching blogging and noting the differences between journalism and blogging.&lt;br /&gt;In 2002, Jerome Armstrong's friend and sometime &lt;a title="Business" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"&gt;business&lt;/a&gt; partner &lt;a title="Markos Moulitsas Zúniga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_Moulitsas_ZÃºniga"&gt;Markos Moulitsas Zúniga&lt;/a&gt; began &lt;a title="Daily Kos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos"&gt;DailyKos&lt;/a&gt;. With up to a million visits a day during peak events, it has now become one of the Internet's most trafficked blogs.&lt;br /&gt;Also in 2002, many blogs focused on comments by &lt;a title="United States Senate Majority Leader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader"&gt;U.S. Senate Majority Leader&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Trent Lott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott"&gt;Trent Lott&lt;/a&gt;. Senator Lott, at a party honoring &lt;a title="United States Senate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"&gt;U.S. Senator&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Strom Thurmond" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"&gt;Strom Thurmond&lt;/a&gt;, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of &lt;a title="Racial segregation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"&gt;racial segregation&lt;/a&gt;, a policy advocated by Thurmond's &lt;a title="U.S. presidential election, 1948" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1948"&gt;1948 presidential campaign&lt;/a&gt;. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See &lt;a title="Josh Marshall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Marshall"&gt;Josh Marshall&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a title="Talking Points Memo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo"&gt;Talking Points Memo&lt;/a&gt;.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.&lt;br /&gt;The impact of this story gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips, bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media.&lt;br /&gt;Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and &lt;a title="Spin (public relations)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)"&gt;spinning&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News"&gt;news&lt;/a&gt; stories. The &lt;a title="2003 invasion of Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"&gt;Iraq war&lt;/a&gt; saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional &lt;a title="Left-right politics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-right_politics"&gt;left-right&lt;/a&gt; divide of the &lt;a title="Political spectrum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum"&gt;political spectrum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See &lt;a title="Howard Dean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean"&gt;Howard Dean&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Wesley Clark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Clark"&gt;Wesley Clark&lt;/a&gt;.) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and &lt;a title="J. Bradford DeLong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong"&gt;J. Bradford DeLong&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;The second Iraq war was the first "blog war" in another way: Iraqi bloggers gained wide readership, and one, &lt;a title="Salam Pax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Pax"&gt;Salam Pax&lt;/a&gt;, published a book of his blog. Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "&lt;a title="Warblog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warblog"&gt;warblog&lt;/a&gt;" gave readers new perspectives on the realities of war, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of official news sources.&lt;br /&gt;Blogging was used to draw attention to obscure news sources. For example, bloggers posted links to traffic cameras in Madrid as a huge anti-terrorism demonstration filled the streets in the wake of the &lt;a title="11 March 2004 Madrid attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_March_2004_Madrid_attacks"&gt;March 11 attacks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and &lt;a title="Editorial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial"&gt;editorialize&lt;/a&gt; speeches and events shown on television. (For example, "I am blogging Rice's testimony" means "I am posting my reactions to &lt;a title="Condoleezza Rice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"&gt;Condoleezza Rice's&lt;/a&gt; testimony into my blog as I watch her on television.") Real-time commentary is sometimes referred to as "liveblogging."&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: 2004 – present" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="2004_.E2.80.93_present"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2004 – present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="A WordPress test blog running Kubrick." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wordpress_main_theme.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wordpress_main_theme.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A &lt;a title="WordPress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress"&gt;WordPress&lt;/a&gt; test blog running &lt;a class="new" title="Kubrick (Wordpress theme)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kubrick_%28Wordpress_theme%29&amp;action=edit"&gt;Kubrick&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as &lt;a title="Political consultant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_consultant"&gt;political consultants&lt;/a&gt;, news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the &lt;a title="Labour Party (UK)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"&gt;UK's Labour Party's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Member of Parliament" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"&gt;MP&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Tom Watson (politician)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watson_(politician)"&gt;Tom Watson&lt;/a&gt;, began to blog to bond with constituents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Minnesota Public Radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio"&gt;Minnesota Public Radio&lt;/a&gt; broadcast a program by &lt;a title="Christopher Lydon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lydon"&gt;Christopher Lydon&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Matt Stoller" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stoller"&gt;Matt Stoller&lt;/a&gt; called "The blogging of the President," which covered a transformation in politics that blogging seemed to presage. The &lt;a title="Columbia Journalism Review" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review"&gt;Columbia Journalism Review&lt;/a&gt; began regular coverage of blogs and blogging. Anthologies of blog pieces reached print, and blogging personalities began appearing on radio and television. In the summer of 2004, both United States &lt;a title="Democratic National Convention" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention"&gt;Democratic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Republican National Convention" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention"&gt;Republican&lt;/a&gt; Parties' conventions credentialed bloggers, and blogs became a standard part of the publicity arsenal. Mainstream television programs, such as &lt;a title="Chris Matthews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Matthews"&gt;Chris Matthews&lt;/a&gt;' &lt;a title="Hardball with Chris Matthews" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardball_with_Chris_Matthews"&gt;Hardball&lt;/a&gt;, formed their own blogs. &lt;a title="Merriam-Webster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster"&gt;Merriam-Webster&lt;/a&gt;'s Dictionary declared "blog" as the word of the year in 2004.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-5"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blogs were among the driving forces behind the "&lt;a title="Rathergate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathergate"&gt;Rathergate&lt;/a&gt;" scandal, to wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show &lt;a title="60 Minutes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"&gt;60 Minutes&lt;/a&gt;) that conflicted with accepted accounts of &lt;a class="new" title="President Bush's military service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_Bush%27s_military_service&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;President Bush's military service&lt;/a&gt; record. Bloggers declared the documents to be &lt;a title="Forgery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"&gt;forgeries&lt;/a&gt; and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view, and CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see &lt;a title="Little Green Footballs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Green_Footballs"&gt;Little Green Footballs&lt;/a&gt;). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a source of news and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.&lt;br /&gt;Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: &lt;a title="Atrios" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrios"&gt;Duncan Black&lt;/a&gt; (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), &lt;a title="Glenn Reynolds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Reynolds"&gt;Glenn Reynolds&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Instapundit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instapundit"&gt;Instapundit&lt;/a&gt;) , &lt;a title="Markos Moulitsas Zúniga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_Moulitsas_ZÃºniga"&gt;Markos Moulitsas Zúniga&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Daily Kos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos"&gt;Daily Kos&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a title="Alex Steffen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Steffen"&gt;Alex Steffen&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Worldchanging" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldchanging"&gt;Worldchanging&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a title="Ana Marie Cox" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marie_Cox"&gt;Ana Marie Cox&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Wonkette" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonkette"&gt;Wonkette&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a title="Hugh Hewitt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt"&gt;Hugh Hewitt&lt;/a&gt; is an example of a media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger.&lt;br /&gt;Some blogs were an important source of news during the &lt;a title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake"&gt;December 2004 Tsunami&lt;/a&gt; such as &lt;a title="Medecins Sans Frontieres" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medecins_Sans_Frontieres"&gt;Medecins Sans Frontieres&lt;/a&gt;, which used SMS text messaging to report from affected areas in Sri Lanka and Southern India.&lt;br /&gt;In the &lt;a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="The Guardian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"&gt;The Guardian&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Newspaper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"&gt;newspaper&lt;/a&gt; launched a redesign in September 2005, which included a daily digest of blogs on page 2. Also in June 2006, &lt;a title="BBC News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"&gt;BBC News&lt;/a&gt; launched a weblog for its editors, following other news companies &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-6"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In January 2005, &lt;a title="Fortune (magazine)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"&gt;Fortune&lt;/a&gt; magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": &lt;a title="Engadget" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"&gt;Peter Rojas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Xeni Jardin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeni_Jardin"&gt;Xeni Jardin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Ben Trott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Trott"&gt;Ben Trott&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Mena Trott" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena_Trott"&gt;Mena Trott&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Jonathan I. Schwartz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_I._Schwartz"&gt;Jonathan Schwartz&lt;/a&gt;, Jason Goldman, &lt;a title="Robert Scoble" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scoble"&gt;Robert Scoble&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Jason Calacanis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Calacanis"&gt;Jason Calacanis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Types of blogs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Types_of_blogs" name="Types_of_blogs"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Types of blogs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="A photo of Joi Ito's moblog." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moblog.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moblog.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A photo of Joi Ito's moblog.&lt;br /&gt;There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written.&lt;br /&gt;By media type&lt;br /&gt;A blog comprising videos is called a &lt;a title="Vlog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlog"&gt;vlog&lt;/a&gt;, one comprising links is called a &lt;a title="Linklog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linklog"&gt;linklog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-7"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;, or one comprising photos is called a &lt;a title="Photoblog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoblog"&gt;photoblog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-8"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By device&lt;br /&gt;Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a &lt;a title="Mobile device" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device"&gt;mobile device&lt;/a&gt; like a &lt;a title="Mobile phone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"&gt;mobile phone&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="PDA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDA"&gt;PDA&lt;/a&gt; is called a &lt;a title="Moblog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moblog"&gt;moblog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-9"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Genre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"&gt;Genre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as &lt;a title="Political blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog"&gt;political blogs&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="Travel blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_blog"&gt;travel blogs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Legal status" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status"&gt;Legal status&lt;/a&gt; of publishers&lt;br /&gt;A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for &lt;a title="Business" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"&gt;business&lt;/a&gt; purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a &lt;a title="Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"&gt;corporation&lt;/a&gt; or externally for &lt;a title="Marketing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"&gt;marketing&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Branding" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branding"&gt;branding&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="Public relations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"&gt;PR&lt;/a&gt; purposes are called &lt;a title="Corporate blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_blog"&gt;corporate blogs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of search engines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#blog_search_engines"&gt;Blog search engines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents (also known as the &lt;a title="Blogosphere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere"&gt;blogosphere&lt;/a&gt;), such as &lt;a title="Blogdigger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogdigger"&gt;blogdigger&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Feedster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedster"&gt;Feedster&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Technorati" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;. Technorati provides current information on both popular searches and &lt;a title="Tag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag"&gt;tags&lt;/a&gt; used to categorize blog postings.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Business models" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Business_models" name="Business_models"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Business models.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the great majority of blogs are non-commercial, full-time bloggers have struggled to find a way to make a profit from their work. The most common and simplest method is to accept targeted &lt;a title="Web banner" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner"&gt;banner advertising&lt;/a&gt;. However, some bloggers have been hesitant to use this because of negative reader response to the ads. A more discreet form of advertising is for bloggers to promote merchandise from other sites, receiving a commission when a customer buys the item after following a blog link.&lt;br /&gt;Others have tried a &lt;a title="Click-to-donate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click-to-donate"&gt;click-to-donate&lt;/a&gt; model. Prominent political blogger &lt;a title="Andrew Sullivan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan"&gt;Andrew Sullivan&lt;/a&gt; claimed at one point that accepting voluntary donations to his blog was more lucrative than his magazine work for &lt;a title="The New Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"&gt;The New Republic&lt;/a&gt;. Following the practice of public television, Sullivan boosted donations with periodic "&lt;a class="new" title="Pledge drives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_drives&amp;action=edit"&gt;pledge drives&lt;/a&gt;," one of which was reported to net him $120,000. Sullivan's attempt at securing corporate sponsorship for his blog fell apart after strong negative reader response to the deal.&lt;br /&gt;No other high-profile blogger has accepted a single corporate sponsor since Sullivan's failed deal. However, In the early twenty-first century, many magazines and newspapers began sponsoring personal blogs by their employees. The business model in this case is essentially the same as that of a traditional newspaper columnist. In a creative extension of the model, employees at other media companies began blogs focusing on the companies' products. For example, many actors in pornography blog about their work on company sites, creating a sense of personal connection between consumer and product.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Anatomy of a blog entry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=7"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Anatomy_of_a_blog_entry" name="Anatomy_of_a_blog_entry"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatomy of a blog entry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="A screenshot of a typical blog." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Typical_blog.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Typical_blog.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A &lt;a title="Screenshot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshot"&gt;screenshot&lt;/a&gt; of a typical blog.&lt;br /&gt;A variety of different systems are used to create and maintain blogs. Dedicated &lt;a title="Web application" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"&gt;web applications&lt;/a&gt; can eliminate the need for bloggers to manage this software. With web interfaces, these systems allow travelers to blog from anywhere on the Internet, and allow users to create blogs without having to maintain their own server. Such systems allow users to work with tools such as Ecto, Elicit and &lt;a title="Blogger (service)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)"&gt;Blogger&lt;/a&gt; which allow users to maintain their Web-hosted blog without the need to be online while composing or editing posts. Blog creation tools and blog hosting are also provided by some Web hosting companies (&lt;a title="Tripod" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod"&gt;Tripod&lt;/a&gt;), Internet service providers (&lt;a title="America Online" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Online"&gt;America Online&lt;/a&gt;), online publications (&lt;a title="Salon.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"&gt;Salon.com&lt;/a&gt;) and internet portals (&lt;a title="Yahoo! 360°" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_360Â°"&gt;Yahoo! 360°&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a title="Google" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;). Some advanced users have developed custom blogging systems from scratch using &lt;a title="Server-side scripting" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scripting"&gt;server-side&lt;/a&gt; software, and often implement membership management and password protected areas. Others have created a mix of a blog and wiki, called a &lt;a title="Bliki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliki"&gt;bliki&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;A blog entry typically consists of the following:&lt;br /&gt;Title, the main title, or headline, of the post.&lt;br /&gt;Body, main content of the post.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Permalink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalink"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="URL" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL"&gt;URL&lt;/a&gt; of the full, individual article.&lt;br /&gt;Post Date, date and time the post was published.&lt;br /&gt;A blog entry optionally includes the following:&lt;br /&gt;Comments&lt;br /&gt;Categories (or &lt;a title="Tag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag"&gt;tags&lt;/a&gt;) - subjects that the entry discusses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Trackback" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackback"&gt;Trackback&lt;/a&gt; and or &lt;a title="Pingback" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingback"&gt;pingback&lt;/a&gt; - links to other sites that refer to the entry&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Comments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=8"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Comments" name="Comments"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Feedback comment system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_comment_system"&gt;Feedback comment system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comments are a way to provide discussion on blog entries. Readers can leave a &lt;a title="Comment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment"&gt;comment&lt;/a&gt; on a post, which can correct errors or contain their opinion on the post or the post's subject. Services like &lt;a title="CoComment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoComment"&gt;coComment&lt;/a&gt; aim to ease discussion through comments, by allowing tracking of them.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Blog popularity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=9"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Blog_popularity" name="Blog_popularity"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blog popularity &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently, researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. &lt;a title="Blogroll" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogroll"&gt;blogroll&lt;/a&gt;). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-10"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Blogdex" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogdex"&gt;blogdex&lt;/a&gt; project was launched by researchers in the &lt;a title="MIT Media Lab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab"&gt;MIT Media Lab&lt;/a&gt; to crawl the web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community. The project is no longer active.&lt;br /&gt;Blogs are also given rankings by &lt;a title="Technorati" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt; based on the amount of incoming links and &lt;a title="Alexa Internet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet"&gt;Alexa Internet&lt;/a&gt; based on the web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati listed the most linked-to blog as that of Chinese actress &lt;a title="Xu Jinglei" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jinglei"&gt;Xu Jinglei&lt;/a&gt; and the most-read blog as group-written &lt;a title="Boing Boing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boing_Boing"&gt;Boing Boing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-11"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was reported by Chinese media &lt;a title="Xinhua" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua"&gt;Xinhua&lt;/a&gt; that the blog of &lt;a title="Xu Jinglei" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jinglei"&gt;Xu Jinglei&lt;/a&gt; received more than 50 million page views, claiming to be the most popular blog in the world.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-12"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; In mid-2006, it also had the most incoming links of any blogs on the Internet.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-13"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Blogging and the mass media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Blogging_and_the_mass_media" name="Blogging_and_the_mass_media"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blogging and the mass media&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Many bloggers differentiate themselves from the &lt;a title="Mainstream media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media"&gt;mainstream media&lt;/a&gt;, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing &lt;a title="Messages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages"&gt;messages&lt;/a&gt; directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither &lt;a title="Copyright" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"&gt;copyright&lt;/a&gt; nor the role of the &lt;a title="Mass media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"&gt;mass media&lt;/a&gt; in presenting society with credible news.&lt;br /&gt;Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs -- well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list. The first known use of a Weblog on a news site was in August 1998, when &lt;a title="Jonathan Dube" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dube"&gt;Jonathan Dube&lt;/a&gt; of The &lt;a title="Charlotte Observer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Observer"&gt;Charlotte Observer&lt;/a&gt; published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-14"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blogs have also had an influence on &lt;a title="Minority language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_language"&gt;minority languages&lt;/a&gt;, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in &lt;a title="Goidelic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_language"&gt;Gaelic languages&lt;/a&gt;, whose creators can be found as far away from traditional Gaelic areas as &lt;a title="Kazakhstan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"&gt;Kazakhstan&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Alaska" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"&gt;Alaska&lt;/a&gt;. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Legal issues" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Legal_issues" name="Legal_issues"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Legal issues &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The emergence of blogging has brought a range of legal liabilities. Employers have "&lt;a title="Dooce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooce"&gt;dooced&lt;/a&gt;" (fired) employees who maintain personal blogs that discuss their employers.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-15"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; The major areas of concern are the issues of proprietary or confidential information, and defamation. Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers and the courts have returned with mixed verdicts. In John Doe v. Patrick Cahill, the &lt;a title="Delaware Supreme Court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court"&gt;Delaware Supreme Court&lt;/a&gt; held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask anonymous bloggers, and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the &lt;a title="Trial court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_court"&gt;trial court&lt;/a&gt; for reconsideration. In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to find the ISP address of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-16"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;a title="Singapore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;, on the other hand, two ethnic Chinese were punished under the country’s anti-&lt;a title="Sedition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"&gt;sedition&lt;/a&gt; law for posting &lt;a title="Anti-Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Muslim"&gt;anti-Muslim&lt;/a&gt; remarks in their weblogs.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-17"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; Internet Service Providers, in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with Third Parties (U.S. &lt;a title="Communications Decency Act" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"&gt;Communications Decency Act&lt;/a&gt; and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;a title="Malaysia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, eight &lt;a title="Royal Dutch Shell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell"&gt;Royal Dutch Shell&lt;/a&gt; Group companies collectively obtained in June 2004 an Interim Injunction and Restraining Order against a Shell &lt;a title="Whistleblower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"&gt;whistleblower&lt;/a&gt;, a Malaysian &lt;a title="Geologist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"&gt;geologist&lt;/a&gt; and former Shell employee, &lt;a class="new" title="Dr John Huong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr_John_Huong&amp;action=edit"&gt;Dr John Huong&lt;/a&gt;. The proceedings are in respect of alleged &lt;a title="Defamatory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamatory"&gt;defamatory&lt;/a&gt; postings attributed to Dr Huong on a weblog hosted in &lt;a title="North America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"&gt;North America&lt;/a&gt; but owned and operated by an 89 year old British national, Alfred Donovan, a long term critic of Shell. The Shell is directed solely against Dr Huong. Further proceedings against Dr Huong were issued by the same &lt;a title="Plaintiff" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff"&gt;plaintiff&lt;/a&gt; companies in 2006 in respect of publications on Donovan weblog sites in 2005 and 2006. The further proceedings include a "Notice to Show Cause" relating to a "&lt;a title="Contempt of court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court"&gt;contempt of court&lt;/a&gt;" action potentially punishable by &lt;a title="Imprisonment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment"&gt;imprisonment&lt;/a&gt;. The contempt hearing and a related application by the eight Royal Dutch Shell &lt;a title="Plaintiff" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff"&gt;plaintiff&lt;/a&gt; companies for Dr Huong to produce Alfred Donovan for &lt;a title="Cross-examination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-examination"&gt;cross-examination&lt;/a&gt; in connection with an &lt;a title="Affidavit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit"&gt;affidavit&lt;/a&gt; Donovan provided, was scheduled to be heard in the High Court of Malay in &lt;a title="Kuala Lumpur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"&gt;Kuala Lumpur&lt;/a&gt; on 17th August 2006. Donovan's principle weblog is &lt;a title="Royaldutchshellplc.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaldutchshellplc.com"&gt;royaldutchshellplc.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In Britain, a college lecturer contributed to a blog in which she referred to a politician (who had also expressed his views in the same blog) using various uncomplimentary names, including referring to him as a "Nazi". The politician found out the real name of the lecturer (she wrote under a pseudonym) via the ISP and successfully sued her for &lt;a title="Pound sterling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"&gt;£&lt;/a&gt;10,000 in damages and £7,200 costs.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-18"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt; In the spring of 2006, &lt;a class="new" title="Erik Ringmar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Ringmar&amp;amp;action=edit"&gt;Erik Ringmar&lt;/a&gt;, a tenured senior lecturer at the &lt;a title="London School of Economics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"&gt;London School of Economics&lt;/a&gt; was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" a blog in which he discussed student life at the school.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-19"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Mark Cuban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cuban"&gt;Mark Cuban&lt;/a&gt;, owner of the &lt;a title="Dallas Mavericks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"&gt;Dallas Mavericks&lt;/a&gt;, was recently fined during the 2006 &lt;a title="National Basketball Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"&gt;NBA&lt;/a&gt; playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-20"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Ellen Simonetti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Simonetti"&gt;Ellen Simonetti&lt;/a&gt;, a US airline attendant, lost her job after posting photos of herself in uniform displaying more &lt;a title="Cleavage (breasts)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)"&gt;cleavage&lt;/a&gt; than ordinary on her blog "The Queen of the Sky".&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-21"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt; Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages"&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-22"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis quit his job at &lt;a title="IBM" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"&gt;IBM&lt;/a&gt; after his posts exposing the false claims of a management school, IIPM, led to management of IIPM threatening to burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest against him. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-23"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-24"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_note-25"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=12"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="See_also" name="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;See also&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a class="image" title="Portal:Internet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Portal.svg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Portal:Internet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"&gt;Internet Portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of search engines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#blog_search_engines"&gt;blog search engines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Blog software" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_software"&gt;blog software&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of blogging terms" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogging_terms"&gt;List of blogging terms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Blogebrity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogebrity"&gt;blogebrity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Buzzword" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword"&gt;Buzzword&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Corporate blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_blog"&gt;Corporate blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Political blog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog"&gt;Political blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Online diary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary"&gt;Online diary&lt;/a&gt; - the precursor to blogs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Virtual Community" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Community"&gt;Virtual Community&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Massively distributed collaboration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_distributed_collaboration"&gt;Massively distributed collaboration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Citizen journalism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism"&gt;Citizen journalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Content Management System" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Management_System"&gt;Content Management System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Google bomb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bomb"&gt;Google bomb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="MySpace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"&gt;MySpace&lt;/a&gt; - social networking site&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Facebook" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"&gt;Facebook&lt;/a&gt; - social networking site&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Windows Live Spaces" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces"&gt;Windows Live Spaces&lt;/a&gt; - Microsoft's Social Networking platform&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="News aggregator" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator"&gt;News aggregator&lt;/a&gt; - client software that uses a web feed to retrieve syndicated web content such as weblogs, podcasts, vlogs, and mainstream mass media websites&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Podcasting" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasting"&gt;Podcasting&lt;/a&gt; - a method of distributing multimedia files, such as audio programs or music videos, over the Internet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="TagWorld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TagWorld"&gt;TagWorld&lt;/a&gt; - a MySpace competitor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Yahoo! 360°" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_360Â°"&gt;Yahoo! 360°&lt;/a&gt; - a personal communication portal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="List of social networking websites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites"&gt;List of social networking websites&lt;/a&gt; - includes many blog and journal sites&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="BROG" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BROG"&gt;BROG&lt;/a&gt; - (We)blog Research on Genre project&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="YouTube" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="References" name="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-0"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL"&gt;Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31&lt;/a&gt;. SFgate (2005-02-20). Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 9" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_9"&gt;06-09&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-1"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=" href="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794172"&gt;It's the links, stupid&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a title="The Economist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;, 2006-4-20. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="July 21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-2"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Peter Merholz (1999). &lt;a class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/19991013021124/http://peterme.com/index.html" href="http://web.archive.org/web/19991013021124/http://peterme.com/index.html"&gt;Peterme.com&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="The Internet Archive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internet_Archive"&gt;The Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="July 21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-3"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Jason Kottke" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kottke"&gt;Jason Kottke&lt;/a&gt; (August 26, 2003). &lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.kottke.org/03/08/its-weblog-not-web-log" href="http://www.kottke.org/03/08/its-weblog-not-web-log"&gt;kottke.org&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="July 21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21"&gt;07-21&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-4"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Jensen, Mallory &lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.cjr.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=" href="http://www.cjr.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=yes"&gt;A Brief History of Weblogs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-5"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/blog_declared_Word_of_the_Year" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/blog_declared_Word_of_the_Year"&gt;Wikinews blog declared Word of the Year&lt;/a&gt;", Wikinews, 2004-12-01. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"&gt;06-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-6"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Wilson, Dawn. "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5116654.stm" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5116654.stm"&gt;Down with blogs... so here's another&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a title="BBC News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"&gt;BBC News&lt;/a&gt;, 2006-06-26. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26"&gt;06-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-7"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Perrone, Jane. "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.guardian.co.uk/weblogarticle/0,6799,394059,00.html" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/weblogarticle/0,6799,394059,00.html"&gt;What is a weblog?&lt;/a&gt;", Guardian Unlimted, 2004-05-20. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_25"&gt;06-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-8"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external text" title="http://wiki.photoblogs.org/wiki/What_is_a_Photoblog" href="http://wiki.photoblogs.org/wiki/What_is_a_Photoblog"&gt;What is a photoblog&lt;/a&gt;. Photoblogs.org Wiki. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_25"&gt;06-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-9"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2783951.stm" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2783951.stm"&gt;blogging goes mobile&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a title="BBC News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"&gt;BBC News&lt;/a&gt;, 2003-02-23. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_25"&gt;06-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-10"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Marlow, C. &lt;a class="external text" title="http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf" href="http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf"&gt;Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community&lt;/a&gt;. Presented at the International Communication Association Conference, May, 2004, New Orleans, LA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-11"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Fickling, David, &lt;a class="external text" title="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html" href="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html"&gt;Internet killed the TV star&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="The Guardian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"&gt;The Guardian&lt;/a&gt; NewsBlog, &lt;a title="August 15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_15"&gt;15 August&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-12"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/24/content_672747.htm" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/24/content_672747.htm"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-13"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external autonumber" title="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html" href="http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-14"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=" href="http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=52&amp;aid=48413/" aid="48413/"&gt;blogging Bonnie.&lt;/a&gt;", Poynter.org, 18 September, 2003.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-15"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/"&gt;Queen of the Sky gets marching orders&lt;/a&gt;", The Register, 2004-11-03. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-16"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external text" title="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/delawarestatecases/266-2005.pdf" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/delawarestatecases/266-2005.pdf"&gt;"John Doe No. 1 v. Patrick Cahill and Julia Cahill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-17"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Sylvia Kierkegaard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Kierkegaard"&gt;Kierkegaard, Sylvia&lt;/a&gt; (2006). &lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&amp;_user=1004260&amp;amp;_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSWYWW-UUA-U-AACUCWYVWU-AAVYAUEWWU-YDDYCBWVV-AB-U&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;amp;amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=5&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&amp;amp;amp;amp;_cdi=5915&amp;view=c&amp;amp;_acct=C000050178&amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=1004260&amp;amp;md5=9278207a80ea3ebbe2c672944a3fb67a" _udi="B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&amp;_user=" _handle="V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSWYWW-UUA-U-AACUCWYVWU-AAVYAUEWWU-YDDYCBWVV-AB-U&amp;amp;_fmt=" _coverdate="12%2F31%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=" _orig="browse&amp;amp;_srch=" _cdi="5915&amp;view=" _acct="C000050178&amp;amp;_version=" _urlversion="0&amp;_userid=" md5="9278207a80ea3ebbe2c672944a3fb67a"&gt;blogs, Lies and the Doocing in Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-18"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Gibson, Owen. "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/story/0,,1737445,00.html" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/story/0,,1737445,00.html"&gt;Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a title="The Guardian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"&gt;The Guardian&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="March 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"&gt;03-23&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="May 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_17"&gt;05-17&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-19"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,1766663,00.html" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,1766663,00.html"&gt;Lecturer's Blog Sparks Free Speech Row&lt;/a&gt;", The Guardian, 2006-05-03. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="October 15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15"&gt;10-15&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-20"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs2006/news/story?id=" href="http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs2006/news/story?id=2440355"&gt;NBA fines Cuban $200K for antics on, off court&lt;/a&gt;", ESPN, 2006-05-11. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-21"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="external autonumber" title="http://practice.findlaw.com/blogger-1005.html" href="http://practice.findlaw.com/blogger-1005.html"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-22"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/"&gt;Queen of the Sky gets marching orders&lt;/a&gt;", The Register, 2004-11-03. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-23"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/10/update.html" href="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/10/update.html"&gt;Gaurav Sabnis's blog entry after quitting IBM&lt;/a&gt;", Vantage point, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-24"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/10/im-disconnecting-my-cable-connection.html" href="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/10/im-disconnecting-my-cable-connection.html"&gt;Gaurav Sabnis's blog entry when he got the Legal notice from IIPM&lt;/a&gt;", Vantage point, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#_ref-25"&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a class="external text" title="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/08/fraud-that-is-iipm.html" href="http://gauravsabnis.blogspot.com/2005/08/fraud-that-is-iipm.html"&gt;Gaurav Sabnis's blog entry which offended the management of IIPM and lead to the chain of events resulting in him quitting his job at IBM&lt;/a&gt;", Vantage point, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on &lt;a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a title="June 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"&gt;06-23&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=14"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alavi, Nasrin. We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs, Soft Skull Press, New York, 2005. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;amp;isbn=1933368055"&gt;ISBN 1-933368-05-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Bruns, Axel, and Joanne Jacobs, eds. Uses of Blogs, Peter Lang, New York, 2006. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=0820481246"&gt;ISBN 0-8204-8124-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Kline, David; Burstein, Dan. Blog!: How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, Squibnocket Partners, L.L.C., 2005. &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=1593151411"&gt;ISBN 1593151411&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;section=15"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="External_links" name="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;External links&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a class="image" title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Look up &lt;a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/blog" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/blog"&gt;Blog&lt;/a&gt; in&lt;a title="Wiktionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"&gt;Wiktionary&lt;/a&gt;, the free dictionary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm" href="http://www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm"&gt;blog software comparison chart&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.ojr.org/" href="http://www.ojr.org/"&gt;Online Journalism Review&lt;/a&gt;, USC Annenberg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.essex.ac.uk/chimera/content/pubs/wps/CWP-2005-02-blogging-in-the-Knowledge-Society-MB.pdf" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/chimera/content/pubs/wps/CWP-2005-02-blogging-in-the-Knowledge-Society-MB.pdf"&gt;blogging, personal participation in public knowledge-building on the web&lt;/a&gt; (PDF file) by Mark Brady, Chimera Working Paper 2005-02 Colchester: University of Essex&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&amp;_user=10&amp;amp;_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUA-U-AAVYYUUEZC-AAVZBYADZC-YBADCWEZW-AB-U&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=5&amp;amp;_orig=browse&amp;_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&amp;amp;amp;_cdi=5915&amp;view=c&amp;amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;amp;md5=3a78d26b9ff73d0a9c37060c8bed6dbc" _udi="B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&amp;_user=" _handle="V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUA-U-AAVYYUUEZC-AAVZBYADZC-YBADCWEZW-AB-U&amp;amp;_fmt=" _coverdate="12%2F31%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=" _orig="browse&amp;amp;_srch=" _cdi="5915&amp;view=" _acct="C000050221&amp;amp;_version=" _urlversion="0&amp;_userid=" md5="3a78d26b9ff73d0a9c37060c8bed6dbc"&gt;Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2, Pages 127-136&lt;/a&gt; blogs, Lies and the Doocing by Sylvia Kierkegaard (2006)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="external text" title="http://www.eff.org/bloggers/lg/" href="http://www.eff.org/bloggers/lg/"&gt;Legal Guide for bloggers&lt;/a&gt; by the &lt;a title="Electronic Frontier Foundation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"&gt;Electronic Frontier Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Retrieved from "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Special:Categories" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&amp;amp;article=Blog"&gt;Categories&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a title="Category:Cleanup from August 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleanup_from_August_2006"&gt;Cleanup from August 2006&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Category:Articles lacking sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources"&gt;Articles lacking sources&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Category:Blogs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Blogs"&gt;Blogs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116098192523217697?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116098192523217697/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116098192523217697' title='29 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116098192523217697'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116098192523217697'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_15.html' title='ബ്ലോഗ്'/><author><name>ശ്രീജിത്ത്‌ കെ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00309631157166948688</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='21' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_znNt8XWJFyA/SrwYOc4HLEI/AAAAAAAAWB8/1ZraTG5-kxI/S220/DSC_3334_1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>29</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116073442161891096</id><published>2006-10-13T03:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-13T03:15:07.246-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ആദ്യ പരിഭാഷ പഠിപ്പിച്ചത്</title><content type='html'>ഈ ബ്ലോഗില്‍ ഡാര്‍ജീലിങ്ങ് എന്ന ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കി ലേഖനം നാമെല്ലാം ചേര്‍ന്ന് വിജയകരമായി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്തെടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നു. എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും അഭിനന്ദനങ്ങള്‍.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;എന്നാല്‍ ഈ പ്രയത്നത്തിനിടയില്‍ ചില്ലറ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളും നമുക്ക് അഭിമുഖീകരിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു. അതിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഒരു ചര്‍ച്ചയാകാനാണ് ഈ പോസ്റ്റ്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;പോസ്റ്റ് അതേപടി ഇവിടെ പകര്‍ത്തുമ്പോള്‍ പല വിവരങ്ങളും നമുക്ക് നഷ്ടമാകുന്നു. ഉദാ: റെഫറന്‍സുകള്‍, ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍, ലിങ്കുകള്‍. ഇതിനൊരു പരിഹാരമായി വിക്കി സിന്റാക്സിലുള്ള ടെക്സ്റ്റ് എഡിറ്റ് സെക്ഷനില്‍ നിന്ന് എടുത്ത് ഇവിടെ പോസ്റ്റ് ഇടുന്നതാകും ഉചിതം എന്നെനിക്ക് തോന്നുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാം എന്നേറ്റ്, പിന്നീട് ചിലര്‍ തിരക്കിലായിപ്പോകുന്നത് ശ്രദ്ധയില്‍ പെട്ടിട്ടുണ്ട്. അങ്ങിനെ വരുന്ന അവസ്ഥയില്‍, താന്‍ തിരക്കിലാണെന്നും മറ്റാരെങ്കിലും പകരം ഇതേറ്റെടുക്കണമെന്നും പറയേണ്ടതും ആവശ്യമാണ്. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;എല്ലാവരും പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാനാണ് താല്പര്യം കാണിക്കുന്നത്. അക്ഷരത്തെറ്റുകള്‍ തിരുത്തുക, ലേഖനത്തില്‍ വന്നിട്ടുള്ള വൈകല്യങ്ങള്‍ ഒഴിവാക്കുക, ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വീണ്ടും വന്നിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ അത് മലയാളത്തിലാക്കുക തുടങ്ങി ചെയ്യാവുന്ന മറ്റ് പല കാര്യങ്ങളും ഉണ്ട്. അവയും ആരെങ്കിലും ഏറ്റെടുക്കേണ്ടിയിരിക്കുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;ഒരു ലേഖനം പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായി എന്ന് തീര്‍ത്ത് പറയാന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞാലേ അടുത്ത ലേഖനം തുടങ്ങാന്‍ കഴിയൂ. ആരെങ്കിലും ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ലേഖനവും മലയാളം ലേഖനവും പൂര്‍ണ്ണതയ്ക്കായി ഒത്ത് നോക്കേണ്ടതും ആവശ്യമാണ്. പോസ്റ്റ് ഇട്ട ആള്‍ തന്നെയാകും ഇതിന് ഉചിതനായ വ്യക്തി. മറ്റാരെങ്കിലും ഈ ഉത്തരവാദിത്തം ഏറ്റെടുക്കാന്‍ തയ്യാറായിരുന്നെങ്കിലും നന്നായിരുന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;വെറും തര്‍ജ്ജിമയല്ലാതെ, ലേഖനത്തില്‍ പുതുതായി എന്തെങ്കിലും ചേര്‍ക്കാനോ, ഉള്ളവയില്‍ എന്തെങ്കിലും ഒഴിവാക്കാനോ ഉള്ള ചിന്തയും ഇവിടെ നടക്കുന്നില്ല. അതും വേണ്ടതാണ് എന്നാണ് എന്റെ അഭിപ്രായം.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;മറ്റ് അഭിപ്രായങ്ങളും ക്ഷണിക്കുന്നു. വൈകാതെ കൂടുതല്‍ ആളുകള്‍ ഈ സംരംഭത്തിന് പിന്തുണയുമായി എത്തുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116073442161891096?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116073442161891096/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116073442161891096' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116073442161891096'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116073442161891096'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_13.html' title='ആദ്യ പരിഭാഷ പഠിപ്പിച്ചത്'/><author><name>ശ്രീജിത്ത്‌ കെ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00309631157166948688</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='21' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_znNt8XWJFyA/SrwYOc4HLEI/AAAAAAAAWB8/1ZraTG5-kxI/S220/DSC_3334_1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116026490990501885</id><published>2006-10-07T16:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-07T20:30:45.640-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ഡാര്‍ജിലിംഗ്</title><content type='html'>ആദ്യത്തെ പരിഭാഷ ഡാര്‍ജിലിംഗിനെപ്പറ്റിയുള്ള &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling" target="blank"&gt;ഈ വിക്കി ലേഖനം &lt;/a&gt;ആയാലോ? ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ടെക്‌സ്റ്റ് താഴെ കൊടുക്കുന്നു. പരിഭാഷ കമന്റായി ചേര്‍ക്കാം അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ ഡാര്‍ജിലിംഗിനായി തുടങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ള &lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" target="blank" rel="nofollow"&gt; മലയാളം വിക്കി പേജില്‍&lt;/a&gt; നേരിട്ട്‌ എഡിറ്റ് ചെയ്യാവുന്നതാണ്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Darjeeling&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a title="Nepali language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"&gt;Nepali&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a class="internal" title="Darjeeling.ogg" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/Darjeeling.ogg"&gt;दार्जीलिङ&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"&gt;help&lt;/a&gt;·&lt;a title="Image:Darjeeling.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darjeeling.ogg"&gt;info&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a title="Bengali language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"&gt;Bangla&lt;/a&gt;: দার্জিলিং) is a town in the &lt;a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt; state of &lt;a title="West Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"&gt;West Bengal&lt;/a&gt;. It is the headquarters of &lt;a title="Darjeeling district" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_district"&gt;Darjeeling district&lt;/a&gt;, in the &lt;a title="Siwalik Hills" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hills"&gt;Shiwalik Hills&lt;/a&gt; on the lower range of the &lt;a title="Himalaya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"&gt;Himalaya&lt;/a&gt;, at an average elevation of 2,134 &lt;a title="Metre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"&gt;m&lt;/a&gt; (6,982 &lt;a title="Foot (unit of length)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)"&gt;ft&lt;/a&gt;). The name "Darjeeling" is a combination of the &lt;a title="Tibetan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language"&gt;Tibetan&lt;/a&gt; words Dorje ("thunderbolt") and ling ("place"), translating to "The land of the thunderbolt."&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-name"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; During the &lt;a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"&gt;British Raj&lt;/a&gt; in India, Darjeeling's temperate climate led to its development as a &lt;a title="Hill station" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"&gt;hill station&lt;/a&gt; (hill town) for British residents to escape the heat of the plains during the summers.&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling is internationally famous for its &lt;a title="Tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"&gt;tea&lt;/a&gt; industry and the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"&gt;Darjeeling Himalayan Railway&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a title="UNESCO" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"&gt;UNESCO&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="World Heritage Site" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"&gt;World Heritage Site&lt;/a&gt;. The tea plantations date back to the mid 1800s as part of a British development of the area. The tea growers of the area developed distinctive hybrids of black tea and fermenting techniques, with many blends considered among the world's finest.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teabest"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connecting the town with the plains was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 and is one of the few steam engines still in service in India.&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling has several British-style public schools, which attract students from many parts of India and neighbouring countries. The town, along with neighbouring &lt;a title="Kalimpong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong"&gt;Kalimpong&lt;/a&gt; was a major centre for the demand of a separate &lt;a title="Gorkhaland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland"&gt;Gorkhaland&lt;/a&gt; state in the 1980s, though the &lt;a title="Separatism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"&gt;separatist&lt;/a&gt; movement has gradually decreased over the past decade due to the setting up of an autonomous hill council. In the recent years the town's fragile ecology is threatened by a rising demand for environmental resources, stemming from growing tourist traffic and poorly planned &lt;a title="Urbanisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation"&gt;urbanisation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;History&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="History of Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Darjeeling"&gt;History of Darjeeling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of &lt;a title="Nepal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"&gt;Nepal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Bhutan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"&gt;Bhutan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sikkim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"&gt;Sikkim&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"&gt;Bengal&lt;/a&gt;. Until the early 19th century, the area around Darjeeling was ruled intermittently by the kingdoms of Nepal and Sikkim,&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; with settlement consisting of a few villages of &lt;a title="Lepcha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha"&gt;Lepcha&lt;/a&gt; woodspeople.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-darjteabbc"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; In 1828, a delegation of British East India Company officials on their way to Sikkim stayed in Darjeeling and decided that the region was a suitable site for a sanitarium for British soldiers.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-History2"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-darjnet"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; The Company negotiated a lease of the area from the &lt;a title="Chogyal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogyal"&gt;Chogyal&lt;/a&gt; of Sikkim in 1835.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Arthur Campbell (British East India Company)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Campbell_(British_East_India_Company)"&gt;Arthur Campbell&lt;/a&gt;, a surgeon with the Company and Lieutenant Napier (later &lt;a title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala"&gt;Lord Napier of Magdala&lt;/a&gt;) were given the responsibility to found a hill station there. The British established experimental tea &lt;a title="Plantation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"&gt;plantations&lt;/a&gt; in Darjeeling in 1841. The success of these experiments led to the development of tea estates all around the town in the second half of the 19th century.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teahistory1"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt; Darjeeling was annexed by the &lt;a title="British Indian Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire"&gt;British Indian Empire&lt;/a&gt; a few years after an incident of discord between Sikkim and the Company in 1849.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-History2"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; During this time immigrants, mainly from Nepal, were recruited to work at construction sites, tea gardens, and on other agriculture-related projects.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-darjnet"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Scotland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"&gt;Scottish&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Missionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"&gt;missionaries&lt;/a&gt; undertook the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British residents, laying the foundation for Darjeeling's high reputation as a centre of education. The opening of the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"&gt;Darjeeling Himalayan Railway&lt;/a&gt; in 1881 hastened the development of the region.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-heritageunesco"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt; In 1898, Darjeeling was rocked by a major earthquake (known as the "Darjeeling disaster") that caused severe damage to the town and the native population.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-disaster1"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-disaster2"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under British rule, the Darjeeling area was initially a "Non-Regulation District" (a scheme of administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the &lt;a title="British Raj" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"&gt;British Raj&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-autonomydistrict"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;) — acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country. As a consequence of the &lt;a title="1905 Partition of Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Partition_of_Bengal"&gt;1905 Partition of Bengal&lt;/a&gt;, the area came under the jurisdiction of the &lt;a title="Rajshahi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi"&gt;Rajshahi&lt;/a&gt; division.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-exploredarjeeling1"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt; Later in 1919, the area was declared a "backward tract".&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-autonomydistrict"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt; Darjeeling's elite residents were the British ruling class of the time, who visited Darjeeling every summer. An increasing number of well-to-do Indian residents of &lt;a title="Kolkata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"&gt;Kolkata&lt;/a&gt; (then Calcutta), affluent &lt;a title="Maharaja" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"&gt;Maharajas&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a title="Princely state" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"&gt;princely states&lt;/a&gt; and land-owning &lt;a title="Zamindar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"&gt;zamindars&lt;/a&gt; also began visiting Darjeeling.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-memories"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; The town continued to grow as a tourist destination, becoming known as the "Queen of the Hills".&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-frontline2005"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt; The town did not see any significant political activity during the &lt;a title="Indian independence movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"&gt;freedom struggle of India&lt;/a&gt; owing to its remote location and small population. However, there was a failed assassination attempt by &lt;a title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"&gt;revolutionaries&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley"&gt;Sir John Anderson&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="Governor of Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal"&gt;Governor of Bengal&lt;/a&gt; in the 1930s.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-exploredarjeeling1"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the &lt;a title="Independence of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_India"&gt;independence of India&lt;/a&gt; in 1947, Darjeeling was merged with the state of &lt;a title="West Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"&gt;West Bengal&lt;/a&gt;. The separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling, &lt;a title="Kurseong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong"&gt;Kurseong&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Kalimpong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong"&gt;Kalimpong&lt;/a&gt; and some parts of the &lt;a title="Terai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"&gt;Terai&lt;/a&gt; region. When the &lt;a title="People's Republic of China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People"&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/a&gt; annexed &lt;a title="Tibet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"&gt;Tibet&lt;/a&gt; in 1950, thousands of Tibetan refugees settled across Darjeeling district. A diverse ethnic population gave rise to socio-economic tensions, and the demand for the creation of the separate states of &lt;a title="Gorkhaland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkhaland"&gt;Gorkhaland&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Kamtapur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamtapur"&gt;Kamtapur&lt;/a&gt; along ethnic lines grew popular in the 1980s. The issues came to a head after a 40-day strike called by the &lt;a title="Gorkha National Liberation Front" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front"&gt;Gorkha National Liberation Front&lt;/a&gt;, during which violence gripped the city, causing the state government to call in the &lt;a title="Indian Army" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"&gt;Indian Army&lt;/a&gt; to restore order. Political tensions largely declined with the establishment of the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council"&gt;Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council&lt;/a&gt; under the chairmanship of &lt;a title="Subash Gishing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subash_Gishing"&gt;Subash Gishing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-ethnic1"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; The DGHC was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the district. Later its name was changed to "Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council" (DGAHC). Though Darjeeling is now peaceful, the issue of a separate state still lingers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Geography" name="Geography"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geography&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling is located at an average elevation of 2,134 m or 6,982 ft&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-GeneralInformation"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region"&gt;Darjeeling Himalayan hill region&lt;/a&gt; on the Darjeeling-Jalapahar range that originates in the south from &lt;a title="Ghum, West Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghum,_West_Bengal"&gt;Ghum&lt;/a&gt;. The range is Y-shaped with the base resting at &lt;a title="Katapahar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapahar"&gt;Katapahar&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Jalapahar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalapahar"&gt;Jalapahar&lt;/a&gt; and two arms diverging north of &lt;a title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling"&gt;Observatory Hill&lt;/a&gt;. The north-eastern arm dips suddenly and ends in the &lt;a title="Lebong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebong"&gt;Lebong&lt;/a&gt; spur, while the north-western arm passes through North Point and ends in the valley near &lt;a title="Tukver Tea Estate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukver_Tea_Estate"&gt;Tukver Tea Estate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling is the main town of the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Sadar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar"&gt;Sadar&lt;/a&gt; subdivision and also the headquarters of the district. Most of the district, including the town of Darjeeling lies in the &lt;a title="Siwalik Hills" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hills"&gt;Shiwalik Hills&lt;/a&gt; (or Lower Himalaya). The soil is chiefly composed of &lt;a title="Sandstone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"&gt;sandstone&lt;/a&gt; and conglomerate formations, which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of &lt;a title="Himalaya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"&gt;Himalaya&lt;/a&gt;. However, the soil is often poorly consolidated (the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains) and is not considered suitable for agriculture. The area has steep slopes and loose &lt;a title="Topsoil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil"&gt;topsoil&lt;/a&gt;, leading to frequent &lt;a title="Landslide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"&gt;landslides&lt;/a&gt; during the &lt;a title="Monsoon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"&gt;monsoons&lt;/a&gt;. According to the &lt;a title="Bureau of Indian Standards" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards"&gt;Bureau of Indian Standards&lt;/a&gt;, the town falls under &lt;a title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India"&gt;seismic zone-IV&lt;/a&gt;, (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-earthquake"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; near the &lt;a title="Convergent boundary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary"&gt;convergent boundary&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a title="India Plate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Plate"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a title="Eurasian Plate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"&gt;Eurasian&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Tectonic plate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate"&gt;tectonic plates&lt;/a&gt; and is subject to frequent quakes. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount &lt;a title="Kanchenjunga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchenjunga"&gt;Kanchenjunga&lt;/a&gt; (8,591 m or 28,185 ft) — the world's third-highest peak — is the most prominent peak visible. In days clear of clouds, Nepal's &lt;a title="Mount Everest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"&gt;Mount Everest&lt;/a&gt; (8,850 m or 29,028 ft) can be seen.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-britannica"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region continue to face the challenges of &lt;a title="Deforestation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"&gt;deforestation&lt;/a&gt; due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teri"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt; Flora around Darjeeling includes temperate, &lt;a title="Deciduous" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"&gt;deciduous&lt;/a&gt; forests of &lt;a title="Poplar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar"&gt;poplar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Birch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"&gt;birch&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Oak" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"&gt;oak&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Elm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"&gt;elm&lt;/a&gt; as well as &lt;a title="Evergreen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"&gt;evergreen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Coniferous" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous"&gt;coniferous&lt;/a&gt; trees of &lt;a title="Alpine climate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate"&gt;wet alpine&lt;/a&gt;. Dense evergreen forests lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare &lt;a class="new" title="Orchids" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchids&amp;action=edit"&gt;orchids&lt;/a&gt; are found. &lt;a title="Lloyd's Botanical Garden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd"&gt;Lloyd's Botanical Garden&lt;/a&gt; preserves common and rare species of flora, while the &lt;a title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park"&gt;Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park&lt;/a&gt; is the only specialised zoo in the country conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-zoo"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Climate" name="Climate"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling's &lt;a title="Temperate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"&gt;temperate climate&lt;/a&gt; has five distinct seasons: &lt;a title="Spring (season)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)"&gt;spring&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Summer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer"&gt;summer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Autumn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn"&gt;autumn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Winter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter"&gt;winter&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a title="Climate of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_India#Monsoons"&gt;monsoons&lt;/a&gt;. Summers (lasting from May to June) are mild, with maximum temperatures rarely crossing 25 °&lt;a title="Celsius" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; (77 °&lt;a title="Fahrenheit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"&gt;F&lt;/a&gt;). The monsoon season from June to September is characterised by intense torrential rains often causing &lt;a title="Landslide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"&gt;landslides&lt;/a&gt; that block Darjeeling's land access to the rest of the country. In winter temperature averages 5–7 °C (41–44 °F). Occasionally the temperatures drop below &lt;a title="Melting point" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point"&gt;freezing&lt;/a&gt;; snowfalls are rare. During the monsoon and winter seasons, Darjeeling is often shrouded in &lt;a title="Mist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mist"&gt;mist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Fog" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"&gt;fog&lt;/a&gt;. The annual mean temperature is 12 °C (53 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 5–17 °C (41–62 °F).&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-weatherbase"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt; The highest temperature ever recorded in the district was 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) on &lt;a title="August 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_23"&gt;23 August&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"&gt;1957&lt;/a&gt;; the lowest-ever temperature recorded was −5 °C (23 °F) on &lt;a title="February 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_11"&gt;11 February&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="1905" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"&gt;1905&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-geography"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt; The average annual &lt;a title="Precipitation (meteorology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"&gt;precipitation&lt;/a&gt; is 281.8 &lt;a title="Centimetre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"&gt;cm&lt;/a&gt; (110.9 &lt;a title="Inch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"&gt;in&lt;/a&gt;), with the highest incidence occurring in July (75.3 cm or 29.6 in).&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-weatherbase"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Civic_administration" name="Civic_administration"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Civic administration &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Darjeeling urban agglomeration consists of &lt;a title="Darjeeling Municipality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Municipality"&gt;Darjeeling Municipality&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a title="Pattabong Tea Garden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden"&gt;Pattabong Tea Garden&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; Established in 1850, the Darjeeling municipality maintains the civic administration of the town, covering an area of 10.57 &lt;a title="Square kilometre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometre"&gt;km²&lt;/a&gt; (4.08 &lt;a title="Square mile" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile"&gt;mi²&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; The municipality consists of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 &lt;a title="Ward (subnational entity)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(subnational_entity)"&gt;wards&lt;/a&gt; of Darjeeling town as well as a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The &lt;a title="Gorkha National Liberation Front" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front"&gt;Gorkha National Liberation Front&lt;/a&gt; (GNLF) at present holds power in the municipality. The Gorkha-dominated hill areas of the whole Darjeeling district is under the jurisdiction of the &lt;a title="Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Autonomous_Hill_Council"&gt;Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council&lt;/a&gt; since its formation in 1988. The DGHC's elected councillors are authorised to manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, health and tourism. The town is within the Darjeeling &lt;a title="Lok Sabha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"&gt;Lok Sabha&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Darjeeling (Lok Sabha Constituency)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_Constituency)"&gt;constituency&lt;/a&gt; and elects one member to the Lok Sabha (&lt;a title="Lower House" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_House"&gt;Lower House&lt;/a&gt;) of the &lt;a title="Indian Parliament" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliament"&gt;Indian Parliament&lt;/a&gt;. It elects one member in the West Bengal state legislative assembly, the &lt;a title="Vidhan Sabha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha"&gt;Vidhan Sabha&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a title="Indian National Congress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"&gt;Indian National Congress&lt;/a&gt; won the &lt;a title="Indian general elections, 2004" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_elections,_2004"&gt;parliamentary election in 2004&lt;/a&gt;, while the state assembly seat was won by GNLF in the &lt;a title="West Bengal state assembly election, 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_state_assembly_election,_2006"&gt;2006 polls&lt;/a&gt;. Darjeeling town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police (which is a part of the &lt;a title="West Bengal Police" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Police"&gt;state police&lt;/a&gt;); a &lt;a title="Deputy Superintendent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Superintendent"&gt;Deputy Superintendent of Police&lt;/a&gt; oversees the town's security and law affairs.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-policestructure"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and &lt;a title="Jorebungalow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorebungalow"&gt;Jorebungalow&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census2"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Utility services&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Natural springs provide most of Darjeeling's water supply – water collected is routed to &lt;a title="Senchal Lake" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senchal_Lake"&gt;Senchal Lake&lt;/a&gt; (10 km or 6.2 miles southeast of town), from where it is piped to the town. During the dry season, when water supplied by springs is insufficient, water is pumped from &lt;a title="Khong Khola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khong_Khola"&gt;Khong Khola&lt;/a&gt;, a nearby small perennial stream. There is a steadily widening gap between water supply and demand; just over 50% of the town's households are connected to the municipal water supply system.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; The town has an underground sewage system that collects domestic waste from residences and about fifty community toilets. Waste is then conveyed to six central septic tanks and ultimately disposed of in natural jhoras (waterways); roadside drains also collect sewage and storm water. Municipal Darjeeling produces about 50 &lt;a title="Tonne" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"&gt;tonnes&lt;/a&gt; (110,200 &lt;a title="Pound (mass)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"&gt;lb&lt;/a&gt;) of solid waste every day, which is disposed of in nearby disposal sites.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Electricity is supplied by the &lt;a title="West Bengal State Electricity Board" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_State_Electricity_Board"&gt;West Bengal State Electricity Board&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a title="West Bengal Fire Service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Fire_Service"&gt;West Bengal Fire Service&lt;/a&gt; provides emergency services for the town. The town often suffers from &lt;a title="Power outage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"&gt;power outages&lt;/a&gt; and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making &lt;a title="Voltage stabiliser" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_stabiliser"&gt;voltage stabilisers&lt;/a&gt; popular with many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types of roads — including stepped paths within the municipality — is around 90 km (56 miles); these are maintained by the municipality.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Economy" name="Economy"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Economy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The two most significant contributors to Darjeeling's economy are &lt;a title="Tourism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"&gt;tourism&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a title="Tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"&gt;tea&lt;/a&gt; industry. &lt;a title="Darjeeling tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_tea"&gt;Darjeeling tea&lt;/a&gt; is regarded as the best of &lt;a title="Black tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea"&gt;black teas&lt;/a&gt; and is widely popular,&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teabest"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; especially in the &lt;a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"&gt;UK&lt;/a&gt; and the countries comprising the former &lt;a title="British Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"&gt;British Empire&lt;/a&gt;. The tea industry has faced competition in recent years from tea produced in other parts of India as well as other countries like Nepal.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teacompetition"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt; Widespread concerns about labour disputes, worker layoffs and closing of estates have affected investment and production.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teaproblems"&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt; Several tea estates are being run on a workers' &lt;a title="Cooperative" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"&gt;cooperative&lt;/a&gt; model, while others are being planned for conversion into tourist resorts.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teaproblems"&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt; More than 60% of workers in the tea gardens are women. The remuneration of workers are often half in cash and half in other benefits like accommodation, subsidised rations, free medical benefits etc.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teafacts"&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt; The district's forests and other natural wealth have been adversely affected by an ever-growing population.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; The years since independence have seen substantial advances in the area's education, communication and agriculture – the latter including the production of diverse cash crops like &lt;a title="Potato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"&gt;potato&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Cardamom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"&gt;cardamom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Ginger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"&gt;ginger&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a title="Oranges" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranges"&gt;oranges&lt;/a&gt;. Farming on &lt;a title="Terrace (agriculture)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)"&gt;terraced slopes&lt;/a&gt; is a major source of livelihood for the rural populace around the town and it supplies the town with fruits and vegetables.&lt;br /&gt;Summer and spring seasons are most popular with tourists, keeping many of Darjeeling's residents employed directly and indirectly, with many residents owning and working in hotels and restaurants. Many people earn a living working for tourism companies and as guides. Darjeeling is a popular filming destination for &lt;a title="Bollywood" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"&gt;Bollywood&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Bengali cinema" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cinema"&gt;Bengali cinema&lt;/a&gt;; films such as &lt;a title="Aradhana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradhana"&gt;Aradhana&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Main Hoon Na" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na"&gt;Main Hoon Na&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Kanchenjungha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchenjungha"&gt;Kanchenjungha&lt;/a&gt; have been filmed here. As the district headquarters, Darjeeling employs many in government offices. Small contributions to the economy come from the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Transport" name="Transport"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transport&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Transport in Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling"&gt;Transport in Darjeeling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The town of Darjeeling can be reached by the 80 &lt;a title="Kilometre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"&gt;km&lt;/a&gt; (50 &lt;a title="Imperial units" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units#Measures_of_length"&gt;miles&lt;/a&gt;) long &lt;a title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway"&gt;Darjeeling Himalayan Railway&lt;/a&gt; (nicknamed the "Toy Train") from &lt;a title="Siliguri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"&gt;Siliguri&lt;/a&gt;, or by the Hill Cart Road (&lt;a title="Indian highways" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_highways"&gt;National Highway&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="List of National Highways in India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Highways_in_India"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;) that follows the railway line. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a 60 cm (2 ft) &lt;a title="Narrow-gauge railway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"&gt;narrow-gauge railway&lt;/a&gt;. It was declared a &lt;a title="World Heritage Site" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"&gt;World Heritage Site&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a title="UNESCO" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"&gt;UNESCO&lt;/a&gt; in 1999, becoming only the second railway in the world to have this honour.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-heritegeunesco"&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt; Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Darjeeling with &lt;a title="Siliguri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"&gt;Siliguri&lt;/a&gt; and the neighbouring towns of &lt;a title="Kurseong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurseong"&gt;Kurseong&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Kalimpong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong"&gt;Kalimpong&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Gangtok" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangtok"&gt;Gangtok&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="Four wheel drive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_wheel_drive"&gt;Four wheel drives&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a title="Land Rover" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover"&gt;Land Rovers&lt;/a&gt;, are the most popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. However, road and rail communications often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides. The nearest airport is in &lt;a title="Bagdogra" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdogra"&gt;Bagdogra&lt;/a&gt; near Siliguri, located at an approximate distance of 93 km (58 miles) from Darjeeling. &lt;a title="Indian Airlines" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines"&gt;Indian Airlines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Jet Airways" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Airways"&gt;Jet Airways&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Air Deccan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Deccan"&gt;Air Deccan&lt;/a&gt; are the three major carriers that connect the area to &lt;a title="Delhi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"&gt;Delhi&lt;/a&gt;, Kolkata and &lt;a title="Guwahati" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"&gt;Guwahati&lt;/a&gt;. The closest major railway station is in &lt;a title="New Jalpaiguri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jalpaiguri"&gt;New Jalpaiguri&lt;/a&gt;, which is connected with almost all major cities of the country. Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use &lt;a title="Bicycle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"&gt;bicycle&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Motorcycle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"&gt;two-wheelers&lt;/a&gt; and hired taxis for travelling short distances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Demographics &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Main article: &lt;a title="Demographics of Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling"&gt;Demographics of Darjeeling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the 2001 census, the Darjeeling urban agglomeration (which includes &lt;a title="Pattabong Tea Garden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden"&gt;Pattabong Tea Garden&lt;/a&gt;), with an area of 12.77 km² (4.93 mi²) has a population of 109,163, while the municipal area has a population of 107,530.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; The town has an additional average &lt;a title="Diurnal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal"&gt;diurnal&lt;/a&gt; floating population of 20,500 – 30,000, mainly comprising of the tourists.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; The population density of the municipal area is 10,173 per km².&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; The sex ratio is 1,017 females per 1,000 males&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-census1"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; — which is higher than the national average. The women make a significant contribution as earning members of households and the workforce.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-women"&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt; The town houses approximately 31% of its population in the &lt;a title="Slum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum"&gt;slums&lt;/a&gt; and shanty buildings — a consequence of heavy immigration.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; The major religion is &lt;a title="Hinduism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"&gt;Hinduism&lt;/a&gt;, followed by &lt;a title="Buddhism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"&gt;Buddhism&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="Christian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"&gt;Christians&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"&gt;Muslims&lt;/a&gt; form sizable minorities.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-festivals"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt; The population's ethnic composition is closely linked with that of Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Bengal. The majority of the populace is of ethnic &lt;a title="Nepal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"&gt;Nepali&lt;/a&gt; background, having migrated to Darjeeling in search of jobs during the British rule. Indigenous ethnic groups include the &lt;a title="Lepcha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha"&gt;Lepchas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Bhutia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutia"&gt;Bhutias&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Sherpa (people)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_(people)"&gt;Sherpas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Rai (ethnic group)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_(ethnic_group)"&gt;Rais&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Yamloo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamloo"&gt;Yamloos&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Damai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damai"&gt;Damais&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Kamai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamai"&gt;Kamais&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Newar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar"&gt;Newars&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Limbu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu"&gt;Limbus&lt;/a&gt;. Other communities that inhabit Darjeeling include the &lt;a title="Bengali people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"&gt;Bengalis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Marwaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwaris"&gt;Marwaris&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Anglo-Indian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"&gt;Anglo-Indians&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Chinese people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"&gt;Chinese&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Bihari people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_people"&gt;Biharis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Tibetan people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"&gt;Tibetans&lt;/a&gt;. The most commonly spoken language is &lt;a title="Nepali language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"&gt;Nepali&lt;/a&gt; (Gorkhali); &lt;a title="Hindi language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"&gt;Hindi&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Bengali language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"&gt;Bengali&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt; are also used.&lt;br /&gt;Darjeeling has seen significant growth in its population during the last century, especially since the 1970s. Annual growth rates reached as high as 45% in the 1990s, far above the national, state, and district averages.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; The colonial town had been designed for a mere population of 10,000, and subsequent growth has created extensive infrastructual and environmental problems. The region is relatively new in geological terms and unstable in nature, suffering from a host of environmental problems.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-urbanmanagement"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Environmental degradation, including denudation of the surrounding hills has adversely affected Darjeeling's appeal as a tourist destination.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-teri"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Culture&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Owing to the diverse ethnic populace of Darjeeling, festivals are very frequent and publicly celebrated. Apart from the major religious festivals of &lt;a title="Diwali" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"&gt;Diwali&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Christmas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"&gt;Christmas&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Dussera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dussera"&gt;Dussera&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Holi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"&gt;Holi&lt;/a&gt; etc., there are several local festivals. The Lepchas and Bhutias celebrate &lt;a title="New year" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_year"&gt;new year&lt;/a&gt; in January, while Tibetans celebrate the new year (&lt;a title="Losar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar"&gt;Losar&lt;/a&gt;) with '&lt;a title="Devil Dance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_Dance"&gt;Devil Dance&lt;/a&gt;' in February–March. The &lt;a title="Maghe sankranti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghe_sankranti"&gt;Maghe sankranti&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Ram Navami" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Navami"&gt;Ram Navami&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Chotrul Duchen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen"&gt;Chotrul Duchen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Buddha Jayanti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti"&gt;Buddha Jayanti&lt;/a&gt;, the birthday of the &lt;a title="Dalai Lama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"&gt;Dalai Lama&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat"&gt;Tendong Lho Rumfaat&lt;/a&gt; are some other festivals, some distinct to local culture and others shared with the rest of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-festivals"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A popular food in Darjeeling is the &lt;a title="Momo (food)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_(food)"&gt;momo&lt;/a&gt;, a steamed dumpling containing &lt;a title="Pork" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"&gt;pork&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Beef" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"&gt;beef&lt;/a&gt; and vegetables cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. &lt;a title="Wai-Wai (food)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)"&gt;Wai-Wai&lt;/a&gt; is a packaged snack comprising of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. &lt;a title="Churpee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churpee"&gt;Churpee&lt;/a&gt;, a kind of hard cheese made from &lt;a title="Cow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"&gt;cow&lt;/a&gt;'s or &lt;a title="Yak" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak"&gt;yak&lt;/a&gt;'s milk is sometimes chewed. A form of &lt;a title="Noodle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle"&gt;noodle&lt;/a&gt; called &lt;a title="Thukpa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thukpa"&gt;thukpa&lt;/a&gt;, served in soup form is also popular in Darjeeling. There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of traditional Indian, continental and Chinese cuisines to cater to the tourists. &lt;a title="Tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"&gt;Tea&lt;/a&gt; is the most popular beverage, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens, as well as &lt;a title="Coffee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"&gt;coffee&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="Chhang" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhang"&gt;Chhang&lt;/a&gt; is a local beer made from &lt;a title="Millet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet"&gt;millet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Colonial architecture characterises many buildings in Darjeeling; several &lt;a title="Mock Tudor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Tudor"&gt;mock Tudor&lt;/a&gt; residences, &lt;a title="Gothic architecture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"&gt;Gothic&lt;/a&gt; churches, the &lt;a title="Raj Bhavan, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Darjeeling"&gt;Raj Bhawan&lt;/a&gt; (Governor House), &lt;a title="Darjeeling Planters' Club" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Planters"&gt;Planters' Club&lt;/a&gt; and various educational institutions are examples. &lt;a title="Buddhist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"&gt;Buddhist&lt;/a&gt; monasteries showcase the &lt;a title="Pagoda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"&gt;pagoda&lt;/a&gt; style architecture. Darjeeling is regarded as a centre of music and a niche for musicians and music admirers. Singing and playing musical instruments is a common pastime among the resident population, who take pride in the traditions and role of music in cultural life.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-naturecentric"&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Darjeeling Carnival" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Carnival"&gt;Darjeeling Carnivals&lt;/a&gt; have been organised since 2003 and exhibit the diverse ethnic, social and religious culture of the region.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-frontline2003"&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt; Western music is popular among the younger generation, and Darjeeling is a major centre of &lt;a title="Nepali rock" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_rock"&gt;Nepali rock&lt;/a&gt; music. &lt;a title="Cricket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"&gt;Cricket&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Football (soccer)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"&gt;football&lt;/a&gt; are the most popular sports in Darjeeling. An improvised form of ball made of rubber garters is often used for playing in the steep streets.&lt;br /&gt;Some notable places to visit include the &lt;a title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling"&gt;Tiger Hill&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park"&gt;zoo&lt;/a&gt;, monasteries and the tea gardens. The town attracts trekkers and sportsmen seeking to explore the &lt;a title="Himalayas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"&gt;Himalayas&lt;/a&gt;, serving as the starting point for climbing attempts on some Indian and Nepali peaks. &lt;a title="Tenzing Norgay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay"&gt;Tenzing Norgay&lt;/a&gt;, one of the two men to first climb &lt;a title="Mount Everest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"&gt;Mount Everest&lt;/a&gt;, spent most of his adult life in the &lt;a title="Sherpa people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people"&gt;Sherpa&lt;/a&gt; community in Darjeeling. His success provided the impetus to establish the &lt;a title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute"&gt;Himalayan Mountaineering Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Darjeeling in 1954. In the &lt;a title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Center"&gt;Tibetan Refugee Self Help Center&lt;/a&gt;, Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed. Several monasteries like &lt;a title="Ghoom Monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoom_Monastery"&gt;Ghoom Monastery&lt;/a&gt; (8 km or 5 miles from the town), &lt;a title="Bhutia Busty monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_monastery"&gt;Bhutia Busty monastery&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery"&gt;Mag-Dhog Yolmowa&lt;/a&gt; preserve ancient Buddhist scripts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Education&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Darjeeling's schools are either run by the state government or by private and religious organisations. Schools mainly use English and Nepali as their &lt;a title="Medium of instruction" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_instruction"&gt;medium of instruction&lt;/a&gt;, although the national language Hindi and the official state language Bengali are also stressed. The schools are either affiliated with the &lt;a title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education"&gt;ICSE&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a title="Central Board of Secondary Education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education"&gt;CBSE&lt;/a&gt;, or the &lt;a title="West Bengal Board of Secondary Education" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Board_of_Secondary_Education"&gt;West Bengal Board of Secondary Education&lt;/a&gt;. Having been a summer retreat for the British in India, Darjeeling soon became the place of choice for the establishment of &lt;a title="Public school (England)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(England)"&gt;public schools&lt;/a&gt; on the model of &lt;a title="Eton College" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"&gt;Eton&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Harrow School" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"&gt;Harrow&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Rugby School" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"&gt;Rugby&lt;/a&gt;, allowing the children of British officials to obtain an exclusive education.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling#_note-publicschool1"&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt; Institutions such as &lt;a title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul"&gt;St. Paul's School&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling"&gt;Loreto Convent&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="St. Joseph's College (School Dept.)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph"&gt;St. Joseph's College (School Dept.)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling"&gt;Mount Hermon School&lt;/a&gt; (the only school in the area to be modelled on the &lt;a title="American educational system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_educational_system#Primary_and_secondary_education"&gt;American educational system&lt;/a&gt;) attract students from all over India and &lt;a title="South Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"&gt;South Asia&lt;/a&gt;. Many schools (some are more than a hundred years old) still adhere to the traditions from its British and colonial heritage. Darjeeling hosts three colleges — &lt;a title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph"&gt;St. Joseph's College&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Loreto College, Darjeeling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_College,_Darjeeling"&gt;Loreto College&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Darjeeling Government College" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College"&gt;Darjeeling Government College&lt;/a&gt; — all affiliated to &lt;a title="University of North Bengal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal"&gt;University of North Bengal&lt;/a&gt; in Siliguri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a id="Media" name="Media"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Media&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Newspapers in Darjeeling include English language dailies, &lt;a title="The Statesman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman"&gt;The Statesman&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="The Telegraph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph"&gt;The Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;, which are printed in Siliguri, and &lt;a title="The Hindustan Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times"&gt;The Hindustan Times&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a title="The Times of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt; which are printed in &lt;a title="Kolkata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"&gt;Kolkata&lt;/a&gt; and are received after a day's delay. In addition to these one can also find Nepali, Hindi and Bengali publications. The public radio station, &lt;a title="All India Radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"&gt;All India Radio&lt;/a&gt; is the only one that can be received in Darjeeling. However, Darjeeling receives almost all the &lt;a title="Television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"&gt;television&lt;/a&gt; channels that are received by the rest of the country. Apart from the state-owned &lt;a title="Terrestrial television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television"&gt;terrestrial network&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a title="Doordarshan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"&gt;Doordarshan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Cable television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"&gt;cable television&lt;/a&gt; serves most of the homes in the town, while &lt;a title="Satellite television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television"&gt;satellite television&lt;/a&gt; is common in the outlying areas and in wealthier households. Besides mainstream &lt;a title="List of Indian television stations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_television_stations"&gt;Indian channels&lt;/a&gt;, the town also receives local Nepali language channels. &lt;a title="Internet café" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafÃ©"&gt;Internet cafés&lt;/a&gt; are well established in the main market area, served through &lt;a title="Dial-up access" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_access"&gt;dial-up access&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a title="BSNL" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNL"&gt;BSNL&lt;/a&gt; provides a limited form of &lt;a title="Broadband" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"&gt;broadband&lt;/a&gt; connectivity of up to 128 &lt;a title="Kilobit per second" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit_per_second"&gt;kbit/s&lt;/a&gt; with DIAS (&lt;a title="Direct Internet Access System" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Internet_Access_System"&gt;Direct Internet Access System&lt;/a&gt;) connections. The area is serviced by local &lt;a title="Cell phone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone"&gt;cellular&lt;/a&gt; companies such as &lt;a title="BSNL" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNL"&gt;BSNL&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Reliance Infocomm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Infocomm"&gt;Reliance Infocomm&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a title="Hutch (Indian cellular company)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutch_(Indian_cellular_company)"&gt;Hutch&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a title="Airtel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtel"&gt;Airtel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116026490990501885?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116026490990501885/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116026490990501885' title='26 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116026490990501885'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116026490990501885'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post_07.html' title='ഡാര്‍ജിലിംഗ്'/><author><name>Adithyan</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_U-nhyksf_b0/SvzLZyJd8UI/AAAAAAAAAAM/ycAd9mmnIAc/S220/horse.bmp'/></author><thr:total>26</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35643122.post-116021671591339152</id><published>2006-10-07T03:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-07T03:47:22.123-07:00</updated><title type='text'>പരിഭാഷാ വിക്കി</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;മലയാള വിക്കിയില്‍ കൂടുതല്‍ ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ ചേര്‍ക്കാന്‍ ഉള്ള ഒരു സംരഭമാണിത്. തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത അന്യ ഭാഷാ ലേഖനങ്ങള്‍ പലര്‍ കൂടി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്ത് വിക്കിയില്‍ ഇടാനാണ് ഉദ്ദേശിയ്ക്കുന്നത്. ഓരോ ലേഖനവും ഓരോ പോ‍സ്റ്റ് ആക്കുന്നതാ‍ണ്. പരിഭാഷ (പൂര്‍ണ്ണമോ ഭാഗികമോ) കമന്റുകളായി ചേര്‍ത്താല്‍ മതിയാവും. ഓരോരുത്തരും സമയലഭ്യതയനുസരിച്ച് ചെറിയ ചെറിയ ഭാഗങ്ങള്‍ പരിഭാഷപ്പെടുത്തുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിയ്ക്കുന്നു. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഒന്നിലധികം ആളുകള്‍ ഒരേ ഭാഗം തന്നെ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാതിരിയ്ക്കാനായി പരിഭാഷ തുടങ്ങുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പു തന്നെ ഒരു കമന്റ് ഇടുക - “ഞാന്‍ പാരഗ്രാഫ് മൂന്നും നാലും പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാന്‍ പോകുന്നു”. എന്നിട്ട് ആ പരിഭാഷ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കി അത് മറ്റൊരു കമന്റ് ആയി ചേര്‍ക്കുക. മറ്റൊരാളുടെ പരിഭാഷയില്‍ തെറ്റുകള്‍ ഉണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ അതും കമന്റുകളിലൂ‍ടെ വ്യക്തമാക്കാവുന്നതാണ്. ഓരോ ലേഖനവും പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായി പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നതനുസരിച്ച് വിക്കിയില്‍ ചെര്‍ക്കാവുന്നതാണ്.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ഈ ബ്ലോഗില്‍ മെമ്പര്‍ഷിപ്പ് ആവശ്യമുള്ളവര്‍ ഈ പോസ്റ്റില്‍ ഒരു കമന്റായി അറിയിക്കുമല്ലോ (അല്ലെങ്കില്‍ എനിക്കോ ആദിയ്ക്കോ മെയില്‍ അയക്കുക). എന്നാല്‍ പരിഭാഷ ചെയ്യാന്‍ മെമ്പര്‍ഷിപ്പിന്റെ ആവശ്യമില്ല എന്ന കാര്യം ഓര്‍മ്മിയ്ക്കുക, ആര്‍ക്കും ചെയ്യാം.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/35643122-116021671591339152?l=paribhashawiki.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/feeds/116021671591339152/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=35643122&amp;postID=116021671591339152' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116021671591339152'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/35643122/posts/default/116021671591339152'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://paribhashawiki.blogspot.com/2006/10/blog-post.html' title='പരിഭാഷാ വിക്കി'/><author><name>ദില്‍ബാസുരന്‍</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry></feed>
